Gender Differences in the Journey to Work

Abstract

It is now well established in geographic research that women commute shorter distances to work than men. This paper attempts to explore the common features that have emerged from the last two decades of research in various places within a metropolitan context. Three main sets of factors that may cause women to commute shorter distances are recognized: residence, employment, and transportation-each containing both social and spatial aspects. The analysis is centered around the spatial aspect. Most research on employed women seems to be characterized by distinguishing between the central city and the suburbs and thus the conclusions focus mostly upon this. An international comparison of different places shows that gender differences in commuting almost always are greater in the suburbs, from the point of view of both residential and employment dispersions. Directions for future research are suggested. Comparable methodologies will enable the inclusion of additional cities and will broaden the comparison. The examination of gender differences from the perspective of the dispersion of workplaces in metropolitan space should be further developed and analyzed according to a finer spatial scale than that used in looking at the central city vs. the suburbs. It also is suggested that factors of employment and residence should be analyzed differently so that qualitative methods may generate a greater significance for the factors associated with the domestic context. Finally, the investigation of gender differences in commuting and in the location of both residence and employment could lead to consideration of new conceptual frameworks for possible interaction between land used for both purposes within urban space.Gender differences in commuting patterns have been a focal point of study in feminist geography for almost 15 years, although there is even earlier documentation on this subject in geographic research. There currently is a vast accumulation of findings, and a review and comparison of those findings is needed. US. studies make up the preponderance of this literature, whereas studies from other Western societies provide only a modest amount of material. This paper examines the English-language literature on gender differences in the journey-to-work at the intraurban scale, and offers new directions and goals for future research within this subfield.A major spatial principle of feminist thought is coping with the separation between private and public spheres as feminine and masculine (Bondi, 1992). It has been argued that urban planning and urban landscapes reflect an "old" gender division of labor in which women function as housewives only, while men are mainly responsible for the economic needs of the family. The spatial expression of this division of labor is 223 224 ORNA BLUMEN seen in the growing separation between home and work, i.e., between land used for residence and land used for employment. This spatial organization ignores the needs of working women, who usually continue to take full responsibility for ho...

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