Gender differences in the developmental course of depression

Essau, Cecilia A.; Lewinsohn, Peter M.; Seeley, John R.; Sasagawa, Satoko

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.016

Cited by 260 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Given that individuals with depression in the USA are more likely to be living in poverty (Kessler et al, 2003), the current sample might better represent the population of depressed individuals that need to be studied and provided effective treatments than a more general sample. Gender is also an important consideration-it is likely that young men and women follow different pathways to depression (Marcus et al, 2005;Essau et al, 2010). Gender differences in overall incidence are seen both in the USA (Kessler et al, 2003) and in diverse international studies (Andrade et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical neuroprediction: Amygdala reactivity predicts depressive symptoms 2 years later

Mattson

Hyde

Shaw

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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Depression is linked to increased amygdala activation to neutral and negatively valenced facial expressions. Amygdala activation may be predictive of changes in depressive symptoms over time. However, most studies in this area have focused on small, predominantly female and homogenous clinical samples. Studies are needed to examine how amygdala reactivity relates to the course of depressive symptoms dimensionally, prospectively and in populations diverse in gender, race and socioeconomic status. A total of 156 men from predominately low-income backgrounds completed an fMRI task where they viewed emotional facial expressions. Left and right amygdala reactivity to neutral, but not angry or fearful, facial expressions relative to a non-face baseline at age 20 predicted greater depressive symptoms 2 years later, controlling for age 20 depressive symptoms. Heightened bilateral amygdala reactivity to neutral facial expressions predicted increases in depressive symptoms 2 years later in a large community sample. Neutral facial expressions are affectively ambiguous and a tendency to interpret these stimuli negatively may reflect to cognitive biases that lead to increases in depressive symptoms over time. Individual differences in amygdala reactivity to neutral facial expressions appear to identify those at most risk for a more problematic course of depressive symptoms across time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical neuroprediction: Amygdala reactivity predicts depressive symptoms 2 years later

Mattson

Hyde

Shaw

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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“…Future studies examining transactional covariation between cannabis use and depressive symptoms should include samples of female adolescents based on their higher rates of depressive symptoms during adolescence and beyond (Essau et al, 2010;Weissman et al, 1993) as well as research suggesting a strong relationship between affective problems and cannabis use in females (Marmorstein et al, 2010;Patton et al, 2002). Last, more frequent assessments of both cannabis use and depressive symptoms would have provided a more fine-grained picture of the development of each construct over time.…”

Section: Limitations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bidirectional Associations Between Cannabis Use and Depressive Symptoms From Adolescence Through Early Adulthood Among At-Risk Young Men

Womack

Shaw

Weaver

et al. 2016

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective:Previous studies have established a relationship between cannabis use and affective problems among adolescents and young adults; however, the direction of these associations remains a topic of debate. The present study sought to examine bidirectional associations between cannabis use and depressive symptoms, specifically testing the validity of two competing hypotheses: the cannabis effect hypothesis, which suggests that cannabis use contributes to the onset of later depressive symptoms; and the self-medication hypothesis, which posits that individuals increase their use of a substance to alleviate distressing psychological symptoms. Method: Participants in this study were 264 low-socioeconomic-status males assessed at ages 17, 20, and 22. Cross-lag panel models were fit to test bidirectional associations between cannabis use frequency and depressive symptoms across the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. In addition, analyses were conducted within two high-risk subsamples to examine whether associations between cannabis use frequency (ranging from never used to daily use) and depressive symptoms differed among regular cannabis users (used cannabis more than once per week) or subjects reporting at least mild levels of depressive symptoms. Results: Cannabis use and depressive symptoms were concurrently correlated. Cannabis use predicted increases in later depressive symptoms, but only among the mild-depression subsample. Depressive symptoms predicted only slight increases in later cannabis use, among the subsample of regular cannabis users. Conclusions: Temporal patterns of cannabis use and depressive symptoms provide evidence for the cannabis effect but limited evidence for the self-medication hypothesis. Adolescents higher in depressive symptoms may be vulnerable to the adverse psychological effects of using cannabis. Results are discussed in terms of implications for basic research, prevention, and intervention. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 77, 287-297, 2016)

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“…It is commonly suggested that a female preponderance in depression and anxiety is universal and substantial. The prevalence of depression and anxiety for women is approximately twice that for men (2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Although there are advocates for the implications of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity in the sex differentiation in some expressions of both depression and anxiety (7), it is not clear what underlies the sex gap in these affective disorders.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal nitric oxide contributes to sex difference in affective behaviors

Luo

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mechanisms underlying the female preponderance in affective disorders are poorly understood. Here we show that hippocampal nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the sex difference of depressionlike behaviors in rodents. Female mice had substantially lower NO production in the hippocampus and were significantly more likely to display negative affective behaviors than their male littermates. Eliminating the difference in the basal hippocampal NO level between male and female mice mended the sex gap of affective behaviors. Estradiol exerted a positive control on hippocampal NO production via estrogen receptor-β-mediated neuronal NO synthase expression. Thus, low estrogen in the female hippocampus accounts for lower local NO than in the male hippocampus. Although estrogen has important significance in modulating affective behaviors, it is not estrogen but NO in the hippocampus that mediates the sex difference of affective behaviors directly, because hippocampal NO was necessary for the behavioral effects of estradiol, and NO was an independent factor in modulating behaviors. Stress promoted hippocampal NO production in males because of glucocorticoid release, thus leading to local NO excess. In contrast, stress suppressed NO production in females because of decreased estrogen, thereby resulting in hippocampal NO shortage. Whereas activating cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) rescued the depression-like effects of the intrahippocampal NO donor diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NONOate), inactivating CREB abolished the antidepressant-like effects of the intrahippocampal NO donor DETA/NONOate. Our findings suggest a molecular mechanism underlying the sex difference of affective behaviors.A ffective disorders such as depression and anxiety, lifethreatening and highly prevalent stress-related disorders, rank among the top causes of worldwide disease burden and disability (1, 2). It is commonly suggested that a female preponderance in depression and anxiety is universal and substantial. The prevalence of depression and anxiety for women is approximately twice that for men (2-6). Although there are advocates for the implications of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity in the sex differentiation in some expressions of both depression and anxiety (7), it is not clear what underlies the sex gap in these affective disorders.Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been implicated in the psychiatric disorders characterized by depression (8, 9), schizophrenia (10), and aggressiveness (11). We recently demonstrated that hippocampal nNOS mediates the stress-related depressive behaviors of glucocorticoids (9) and the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) receptor in modulating anxiety-related behaviors (12). Evidence from clinical and biological studies indicates that the hippocampus plays an important role in major depression disorder (13). We found that chronic mild stress (CMS) increased hippocampal NO production by nNOS in male mice (6-9). In contrast, CMS diminished hippocampal NO prod...

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Gender differences in the developmental course of depression

Cited by 260 publications

References 45 publications

Clinical neuroprediction: Amygdala reactivity predicts depressive symptoms 2 years later

Clinical neuroprediction: Amygdala reactivity predicts depressive symptoms 2 years later

Bidirectional Associations Between Cannabis Use and Depressive Symptoms From Adolescence Through Early Adulthood Among At-Risk Young Men

Hippocampal nitric oxide contributes to sex difference in affective behaviors

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