Gender Differences in Schizophrenia on MRI Brain Scans

Nasrallah, Henry A.; Schwarzkopf, Steven B.; Olson, Stephen C.; Coffman, Jeffrey A.

doi:10.1093/schbul/16.2.205

Cited by 93 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The cortical gray matter findings are consistent with studies of cortical gray matter deficit in mixed gender samples of subjects with schizophrenia (12,13,37) but provide the first demonstration that this deficit appears to affect severely ill men and women to a similar extent. The observation of ventricular enlargement in schizophrenic women has been more controversial (19,20,22,23,(38)(39)(40), possibly because more studies have reported on this measure of brain dysmorphology. These data indicate that ventricular enlargement is as much a feature of schizophrenia in women as it is in men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Andreasen et al (19)(20)(21), using both computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), reported a greater frequency of structural abnormalities, such as ventricular enlargement, in men with schizophrenia than in women patients. In contrast, Gur et al (22) and Nasrallah et al (23) reported greater elevation of ventricle-to-brain ratio in schizophrenic women than men. These discrepancies may be attributable to differences between both comparison and patient samples, differences in the procedures used to correct for normal variations in head size and age, and limited power of small samples to detect small effects.…”

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confidence: 84%

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Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia

Lauriello

Hoff²,

Wieneke³

et al. 1997

AJP

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T he clinical phenomena used to diagnose schizophrenia are not gender-specific (DSM-IV), which suggests that the essential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia are likely similar for men and women. Nonetheless, clinical differences between schizophrenic men and women, as groups, are well recognized (e.g., references 1-3). In general, as a group, women tend to have better premorbid adjustment, a later age at onset, even with correction for sex differences in age distribution (4), and a more favorable course of illness. Schizophrenic men have higher rates of soft neurological deficits not seen in affected women (5). Women have a more favorable response to medications but a higher prevalence and severity of tardive dyskinesia (6). Environmental factors may play a greater role in the etiology of schizophrenia in women than men. For example, there are reports of a higher prevalence of schizophrenia in women exposed in utero to famine (7) or influenza (8) and a decrease of schizophrenia in women but not men in Ireland (9), possibly due to the reduction of putative environmental insults.There is general agreement that brain dysmorphology underlying schizophrenia in men includes enlargement of cortical sulcal and ventricular CSF spaces (10, 11) and cortical tissue volume deficits selective to gray mat-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia

Lauriello

Hoff²,

Wieneke³

et al. 1997

AJP

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“…We call particular attention to the white matter fiber tracts of the corpus callosum, because we think they strongly illustrate the power of this technique in visualizing heretofore unseen fiber tracts in vivo. Summary of MR studies seporting positive and negative findings in schizophenia (Table is updated Gur et al, 1994Gur et al, , 1998bGur et al, , 1999Jernigan et al, 1991;Nasrallah et al, 1990;Rajarethinam et al, 2000;Sanfilipo et al, 2000a;Whitworth et al, 1998] − Bilder et al, 1994;Blackwood et al, 1991;Breier et al, 1992;Buchanan et al, 1993Buchanan et al, , 1998Cannon et al, 1998;Colombo et al, 1993;Dauphinais et al, 1990Flaum et al, 1995;Goldstein et al, 1999;Harvey et al, 1993;Hazlett et al, 1999;Hirayasu et al, 1998Hirayasu et al, , 2000…”

Section: Summary Of Mri Findings and Future Directions For Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Shenton

Dickey

Frumin

et al. 2001

Schizophrenia Research

2,127

121

1,332

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After more than 100 years of research, the neuropathology of schizophrenia remains unknown and this is despite the fact that both Kraepelin (1919/1971: Kraepelin,E., 1919/1971. Dementia praecox. Churchill Livingston Inc., New York) and Bleuler (1911/1950: Bleuler, E., 1911/1950. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. International Universities Press, New York), who first described 'dementia praecox' and the ' schizophrenias', were convinced that schizophrenia would ultimately be linked to an organic brain disorder. Alzheimer (1897: Alzheimer, A., 1897. Beitrage zur pathologischen anatomie der hirnrinde und zur anatomischen grundlage einiger psychosen. Monatsschrift fur Psychiarie und Neurologie. 2, 82-120) was the first to investigate the neuropathology of schizophrenia, though he went on to study more tractable brain diseases. The results of subsequent neuropathological studies were disappointing because of conflicting findings. Research interest thus waned and did not flourish again until 1976, following the pivotal computer assisted tomography (CT) finding of lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia by Johnstone and colleagues. Since that time significant progress has been made in brain imaging, particularly with the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), beginning with the first MRI study of schizophrenia by Smith and coworkers in 1984 (Smith, R.C., Calderon, M., Ravichandran, G. K., et al. (1984). Nuclear magnetic resonance in schizophrenia: A preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 12, 137-147). MR in vivo imaging of the brain now confirms brain abnormalities in schizophrenia.The 193 peer reviewed MRI studies reported in the current review span the period from 1988 to August, 2000. This 12 year period has witnessed a burgeoning of MRI studies and has led to more definitive findings of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia than any other time period in the history of schizophrenia research. Such progress in defining the neuropathology of schizophrenia is largely due to advances in in vivo MRI techniques. These advances have now led to the identification of a number of brain abnormalities in schizophrenia. Some of these abnormalities confirm earlier postmortem findings, and most are small and subtle, rather than large, thus necessitating more advanced and accurate measurement tools. These findings include ventricular enlargement (80% of studies reviewed) and third ventricle enlargement (73% of studies reviewed). There is also preferential involvement of medial temporal lobe structures (74% of studies reviewed), which include the amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus, and neocortical temporal lobe regions (superior temporal gyrus) (100% of studies reviewed). When gray and white matter of superior temporal gyrus was combined, 67% of studies reported abnormalities. There was also moderate evidence for frontal lobe abnormalities (59% of studies reviewed), particularly prefrontal gray matter and orbitofrontal regions. Similarly, there was moderate evidence for parietal lobe ab...

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“…Thus, the classification results can be overestimated if the data set contains chronic schizophrenia patients as well. To avoid biased results, only males were used in the analysis, as it was shown that there are differences in structural brain abnormalities in males and females [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Image Classification Based on Automated Morphometry and Penalised Linear Discriminant Analysis with Resampling

Janoušová

Schwarz

Montana

et al. 2015

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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Abstract-This paper presents a new data-driven classification pipeline for discriminating two groups of individuals based on the medical images of their brain. The algorithm combines deformation-based morphometry and penalised linear discriminant analysis with resampling. The method is based on sparse representation of the original brain images using deformation logarithms reflecting the differences in the brain in comparison to the normal template anatomy. The sparse data enables efficient data reduction and classification via the penalised linear discriminant analysis with resampling. The classification accuracy obtained in an experiment with magnetic resonance brain images of first episode schizophrenia patients and healthy controls is comparable to the related state-of-the-art studies.

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Gender Differences in Schizophrenia on MRI Brain Scans

Cited by 93 publications

References 12 publications

Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia

Similar extent of brain dysmorphology in severely ill women and men with schizophrenia

A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia

Brain Image Classification Based on Automated Morphometry and Penalised Linear Discriminant Analysis with Resampling

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