Gender differences in reported stress response to the loma prieta earthquake

Anderson, Karen M.; Manuel, Gerdenio

doi:10.1007/bf01544672

Cited by 63 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Contrary to previous reports of a gender difference (23)(24)(25)(26)(27), where females were reported to present higher stress scores, especially on the IES Intrusion subscale, this study across several cultures suggested that neither the trauma victim's gender nor his/her age is critical per se for the trajectories of stress reactions following the event. Although these variables did not contribute explanation to the trajectories of intrusion and avoidance, they were vital parts in the final regression models.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Horowitz’s Impact of Event Scale Evaluation of 20 Years of Use

Sundin

Horowitz

2003

Psychosomatic Medicine

269

152

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, a few studies have contrasted the psychological impact of a critical incident on men and women separately. With few exceptions (e.g., [21][22], women reported more frequent intrusive reactions and avoidant behavior compared to men (e.g., [23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horowitz’s Impact of Event Scale Evaluation of 20 Years of Use

Sundin

Horowitz

2003

Psychosomatic Medicine

269

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Our gender-specific result that being female predicted depression, anxiety and GSI is in the line with the results of previous studies (Anderson & Manuel 2005;Ba o lu et al, 2004;Breslau et al, 1997;Liu et al, 2006;Montazeri et al, 2005;Norris et al, 2002;alcıo lu et al, 2003;Ticehurst et al, 1996;Tural et al, 2004). However, this does not necessarily mean that women in general have a social disposition for a harmful event like earthquake.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The results have shown that female survivors are more adversely affected after traumas, and are more at risk for having psychological distress (Anderson & Manuel 2005;Ba o lu, Kılıç, alcıo lu, & Livanou, 2004;Breslau, Davis, Andreski, Peterson, & Schultz, 1997;Liu et al, 2006;Montazeri et al, 2005;Norris et al, 2002;alcıo lu et al, 2003;Ticehurst, Webster, Carr, & Lewin, 1996;Tural et al, 2004).…”

Section: Disaster Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Distress among the Non-Relocated and Relocated Survivors after the August 17th 1999 Earthquake in Turkey

Edinsel¹

2015

jisr

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The effects of demographic factors, pre and post disaster factors and relocation on psychological distress were examined in a sample of the earthquake survivors after the August 17 th earthquake in Turkey. 71 relocated survivors were compared with 78 survivors remained in the disaster area, in terms of symptom domains. All relocated survivors and nearly the half of those who stayed in the disaster area were interviewed and checked for the symptoms in December 1999 and the rest in April and May 2000. Multiple regression analyses showed that the external locus of control, age and gender predicted the three subscales of Symptom Check-list 90-R (SCL-90-R), namely depression, anxiety, and Global Severity Index (GSI); loss of life and satisfaction with the decisions, rescue and damage evaluation work of the government predicted anxiety and GSI, and relocation predicted anxiety. External locus of control was the most related factor to depression, anxiety and GSI scores, and the relocated group had significantly higher symptoms than the survivors remained in the disaster area. Our findings suggest that relocation after a disaster may be considered as an additional risk factor and the disruption of social network after the relocation may increase psychological distress. Therapeutic techniques that alter the external locus of control may be helpful in decreasing depression, anxiety, and GSI.

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“…A compelling example of gender differences in subjective disaster experience was provided by a study of college students assessed within 24 hours of the Loma Prieta earthquake (Anderson & Manuel, 2004). Women in this sample estimated that the earthquake had lasted for a longer duration (78 seconds) than did men (46 seconds).…”

Section: The Predisaster Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weighing the Costs of Disaster

Bonanno

Brewin

Kaniasty

et al. 2010

Psychol Sci Public Interest

951

443

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SummaryDisasters typically strike quickly and cause great harm. Unfortunately, because of the spontaneous and chaotic nature of disasters, the psychological consequences have proved exceedingly difficult to assess. Published reports have often overestimated a disaster's psychological cost to survivors, suggesting, for example, that many if not most survivors will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); at the same time, these reports have underestimated the scope of the disaster's broader impact in other domains. We argue that such ambiguities can be attributed to methodological limitations. When we focus on only the most scientifically sound research-studies that use prospective designs or include multivariate analyses of predictor and outcome measures-relatively clear conclusions about the psychological parameters of disasters emerge. We summarize the major aspects of these conclusions in five key points and close with a brief review of possible implications these points suggest for disaster intervention.1. Disasters cause serious psychological harm in a minority of exposed individuals. People exposed to disaster show myriad psychological problems, including PTSD, grief, depression, anxiety, stress-related health costs, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation. However, severe levels of these problems are typically observed only in a relatively small minority of exposed individuals. In adults, the proportion rarely exceeds 30% of most samples, and in the vast majority of methodologically sound studies, the level is usually considerably lower. Among youth, elevated symptoms are common in the first few months following a high-impact disaster, but again, chronic symptom elevations rarely exceed 30% of the youth sampled.2. Disasters produce multiple patterns of outcome, including psychological resilience. In addition to chronic dysfunction, other patterns of disaster outcome are typically observed. Some survivors recover their psychological equilibrium within a period ranging from several months to 1 or 2 years. A sizeable proportion, often more than half of those exposed, experience only transient distress and maintain a stable trajectory of healthy functioning or resilience. Resilient outcomes have been evidenced across different methodologies, including recent studies that identified patterns of outcome using relatively sophisticated data analytic approaches, such as latent growth mixture modeling.3. Disaster outcome depends on a combination of risk and resilience factors. As is true for most highly aversive events, individual differences in disaster outcomes are informed by a number of unique risk and resilience factors, including variables related to the context in which the disaster occurs, variables related to proximal exposure during the disaster, and variables related to distal exposure in the disaster's aftermath. Multivariate studies indicate that there is no one single dominant predictor of disaster outcomes. Rather, as with traumatic life events more generally, most predictor variables exert small...

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Gender differences in reported stress response to the loma prieta earthquake

Cited by 63 publications

References 11 publications

Horowitz’s Impact of Event Scale Evaluation of 20 Years of Use

Horowitz’s Impact of Event Scale Evaluation of 20 Years of Use

Psychological Distress among the Non-Relocated and Relocated Survivors after the August 17th 1999 Earthquake in Turkey

Weighing the Costs of Disaster

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