Gender differences in phobias: Results of the ECA community survey

Bourdon, Karen; Boyd, Jeffrey H.; Rae, Donald S.; Burns, Barbara J.; Thompson, James Westfall; Locke, Ben Z.

doi:10.1016/0887-6185(88)90004-7

Cited by 162 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The higher prevalence in our study of eating disorders in women and substance use disorders in men also reflects gender differences in the general population [39] (although the prevalence of these disorders in our BDD sample is notably higher than in the general population). However, some study results differed from what is found in the general population: for example, we found a similar prevalence in men and women of major depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia, and suicide attempts [13,[40][41][42]. In addition, men and women were equally likely to have cosmetic surgery (or any type of medical treatment) for their perceived defects, whereas in the general population, only 13% of cosmetic surgery recipients are men [43].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder

Phillips

Menard

Fay

2006

Comprehensive Psychiatry

188

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Background-Gender is a critically important moderator of psychopathology. However, gender similarities and differences in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have received scant investigation. In this study, we examined gender similarities and differences in the broadest sample in which this topic has been examined.Methods-Two hundred subjects with BDD recruited from diverse sources were assessed with a variety of standard measures.Results-There were more similarities than differences between men and women, but many gender differences were found. The men were significantly older and more likely to be single and living alone. Men were more likely to obsess about their genitals, body build, and thinning hair/balding; excessively lift weights; and have a substance use disorder. In contrast, women were more likely to obsess about their skin, stomach, weight, breasts/chest, buttocks, thighs, legs, hips, toes, and excessive body/facial hair, and they were excessively concerned with more body areas. Women also performed more repetitive and safety behaviors, and were more likely to camouflage and use certain camouflaging techniques, check mirrors, change their clothes, pick their skin, and have an eating disorder. Women also had earlier onset of subclinical BDD symptoms and more severe BDD as assessed by the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Examination. However, men had more severe BDD as assessed by the Psychiatric Status Rating Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and they had poorer Global Assessment of Functioning Scale scores, were less likely to be working because of psychopathology, and were more likely to be receiving disability, including disability for BDD. Conclusions-The clinical features of BDD in men and women have many similarities but also some interesting and important differences. These findings have implications for the detection and treatment of BDD.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 38%

Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder

Phillips

Menard

Fay

2006

Comprehensive Psychiatry

188

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“…Book after book, and magazine after magazine states and restates this thesis (Gray, 1992). Such a view seems well justifi ed by striking gender differences in the prevalence of affective disorders (Bourdon et al, 1988;Gater et al, 1998;Kessler, McGonagle, Swartz, Blazer, & Nelson, 1993). However, despite lay convictions and psychiatric considerations, the empirical evidence on gender differences in emotional responding is mixed (Bradley, Codispoti, Sabatinelli, & Lang, 2001;Fujita, Diener, & Sandvik, 1991;Grossman & Wood, 1993;Labouvie-Vief, Lumley, Jain, & Heinze, 2003;Seidlitz & Diener, 1998), and negative findings are surprisingly common (Wager, Phan, Liberzon, & Taylor, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal

McRae

Ochsner

Mauss

et al. 2008

Group Processes & Intergroup Relations

727

523

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Despite strong popular conceptions of gender differences in emotionality and striking gender differences in the prevalence of disorders thought to involve emotion dysregulation, the literature on the neural bases of emotion regulation is nearly silent regarding gender differences (Gross, 2007; Ochsner & Gross, in press). The purpose of the present study was to address this gap in the literature. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we asked male and female participants to use a cognitive emotion regulation strategy (reappraisal) to down-regulate their emotional responses to negatively valenced pictures. Behaviorally, men and women evidenced comparable decreases in negative emotion experience. Neurally, however, gender differences emerged. Compared with women, men showed (a) lesser increases in prefrontal regions that are associated with reappraisal, (b) greater decreases in the amygdala, which is associated with emotional responding, and (c) lesser engagement of ventral striatal regions, which are associated with reward processing. We consider two non-competing explanations for these differences. First, men may expend less effort when using cognitive regulation, perhaps due to greater use of automatic emotion regulation. Second, women may use positive emotions in the service of reappraising negative emotions to a greater degree. We then consider the implications of gender differences in emotion regulation for understanding gender differences in emotional processing in general, and gender differences in affective disorders

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“…In epidemiologic studies, the life long agoraphobia prevalence was determined to be 1.8-23.3% in females and 3-5% in males (24,25). Such findings show that females constitute 75% of the agoraphobic population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in terms of Axis I and Axis II comorbidity in patients with panic disorder

Delice¹,

Tabo²,

Alataş³

et al. 2015

Dusunen Adam

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Gender differences in terms of Axis I and Axis II comorbidity in patients with panic disorder Objectives: Comorbidity in psychiatric disorders significantly affects the clinical course, the severity of symptoms, and the response to the treatment. Panic disorder can cause considerable disability, reduction of interpersonal relationships, avoidance of certain social situations, and staying away from high-risk jobs and consequently lowering work performance causing loss of job. A number of studies have shown that panic disorder is observed more frequently in females, indicating a gender risk factor. This study investigated potential gender differences in the distribution of Axis I and Axis II comorbidity. Method: A total of 63 patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria and had been diagnosed with panic disorder according to DSM-IV participated in this study. 31 (49.2%) patients were female, and 32 (50.8%) were male. Panic disorder was diagnosed with SCID-I (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders). Sociodemographic data were collected using a form developed by the researchers, and the Panic Agoraphobia scale was applied in all cases. The existence of possible childhood separation anxiety was also investigated, and SCID-II was applied to identify Axis II personality disorders. Gender differences in demographic and clinical characteristics and in the comorbidity of Axis I and Axis II disorders were then investigated. Results: The reported prevalence of separation anxiety was considerably higher in the female than in the male patients. Depression, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias were more common in the female patients, whereas alcohol abuse was more common among the male patients. There was no gender difference in Axis II comorbidity. Conclusions: This comparison of gender differences in Axis I and Axis II disorders that coexist with panic disorders indicated that comorbidities of depression, social and specific phobias, and alcohol abuse comorbidities are different among the genders. However, there appeared to be gender differences in Axis II comorbidities. Key words: Comorbidity, gender differences, panic disorder ÖZET Panik bozukluğu olan hastalarda Eksen I ve Eksen II eştanısı açısından cinsiyet farklılıkları Amaç: Eştanılı durumlar psikiyatrik hastalıkların klinik seyrini, belirti şiddetini ve tedavi cevabını önemli ölçüde etkilerler. Panik bozukluğu, önemli ölçüde yeti yitimine neden olabilen, kişilerarası ilişkilerde azalma, belirli sosyal durumlardan kaçınma, yüksek riskli işlerde çalışmaktan uzak durma, dolayısıyla çalışma performansında azalma ve işsiz kalma gibi ağır sonuçları olabilen bir hastalıktır. Diğer psikiyatrik bozukluklarla sıklıkla birlikte bulunabilmekte, bu durum da yeti yitimini artırmaktadır. Birçok çalışmada panik bozukluğunun kadınlarda sık görülen bir hastalık olduğu, kadın cinsiyetinin panik bozukluğu gelişmesinde önemli bir risk faktörü olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada panik bozukluğuna eşlik eden Eksen I ve Eksen II eştanıları dağılımının...

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Gender differences in phobias: Results of the ECA community survey

Cited by 162 publications

References 32 publications

Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder

Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder

Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal

Gender differences in terms of Axis I and Axis II comorbidity in patients with panic disorder

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