Gender Differences in Patterns and Trends in U.S. Homicide, 1976–2017

Correlates of Intimate Partner Homicide in the Rural United States: Findings From a National Sample of Rural Counties, 2009–2016

“…The rate of IPH committed by a firearm has increased by 26% since 2010, while IPH rates committed by other means have decreased (Fridel & Fox, 2019). Firearm injuries are the most frequent cause of death in IPH regardless of place (Campbell et al, 2007;Garcia et al, 2007;Petrosky et al, 2017).…”

“…Although males are more likely to be both perpetrators and victims of homicide overall, women are more likely to be victims of IPH than men (Catalano et al, 2009; DeJong et al, 2011; Fridel & Fox, 2019; Garcia et al, 2007). National studies estimate that 40% to 50% of female homicide victims were killed by an intimate partner, compared with only 5% to 8% of male homicide victims in the United States (Fridel & Fox, 2019; Jack et al, 2018). Female victims of IPH are more likely to be killed by a male perpetrator than female victims of non-IPH (Petrosky et al, 2017).…”

“…Although male perpetrators more often murder acquaintances or family members, they also commit the majority of IPH (Allen et al, 2018; Fox & Fridel, 2017). However, when a female perpetrates a homicide, they are more likely to kill a family member or male intimate partner, whereas the majority of male perpetrators kill an acquaintance or stranger (Fridel & Fox, 2019; Liles & Moak, 2018).…”

The 1994 Violence Against Women Act: A Historic Response to Gender Violence

“…However, recent research suggests that the rate of women murdered by male intimate partners has increased by 11% over the subsequent 2 years (Violence Policy Center, 2018). Similarly, using UCR data, Fridel and Fox (2019) found that firearm-related intimate partner homicide increased by 26% between 2010 and 2017.…”

Reimagining VAWA: Why Criminalization Is a Failed Policy and What a Non-Carceral VAWA Could Look Like

“…Although rates of domestic violence fell less than the overall crime rate between 1994 and 2012 and reporting rates have fluctuated, reporting is now lower than at the time of VAWA’s inception (49.2% in 1995 versus 45.1% in 2018), and the number of incidents of intimate partner violence is rising. In addition, after years of decline, intimate partner violence homicides, particularly gun deaths, have increased in the past several years (Fridel & Fox, 2019), although gun ownership has remained largely static, and, if anything, has decreased during the same period (Gallup, 2019). These trends are particularly telling, because since 1994, the Federal government has spent hundreds of millions of dollars to improve the criminal legal system’s response to intimate partner violence.…”