Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion

Hall, Judith A.; Carter, Jason D.; Horgan, Terrence G.

doi:10.1017/cbo9780511628191.006

Cited by 237 publications

(183 citation statements)

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“…A. Hall, Carter, & Horgan, 2000). In particular, one of the largest and most reliable findings of behavior research is that men smile less than women (J.…”

Section: Sex Differences In Smilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling.

LaFrance¹,

Hecht²,

Paluck³

2003

Psychological Bulletin

414

288

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The authors present a meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling based on 448 effect sizes derived from 162 research reports. There was a statistically significant tendency for women and adolescent girls to smile more than men and adolescent boys (d ϭ 0.41). The authors hypothesized that sex differences in smiling would be larger when concerns about gender-appropriate behavior were made more conspicuous, situational constraints were absent or ambiguous, or emotion (especially negative) was salient. It was also predicted that the size of the sex difference in smiling would vary by culture and age. Moderator analysis supported these predictions. Although men tend to smile less than women, the degree to which this is so is contingent on rules and roles.It is virtually a cliché of Western culture that women are both more emotional and more expressive than men. Although the extent of sex differences 1 in measured emotionality remains in dispute (Brody, 1997;Fischer, 1993;LaFrance & Banaji, 1992), there is substantial agreement that women are more overtly expressive than men

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“…A. Hall, Carter, & Horgan, 2000). In particular, one of the largest and most reliable findings of behavior research is that men smile less than women (J.…”

Section: Sex Differences In Smilingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling.

LaFrance¹,

Hecht²,

Paluck³

2003

Psychological Bulletin

414

288

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“…Women have a more socioemotional communication style, characterized by nonverbal warmth and engagement, by expressing more emotions [8][9][10], and higher levels of selfdisclosure [11], whereas men's communication style is more directive [12]. One might assume that for physicians, these sex differences disappear either through selection or the long years of medical training.…”

Section: Physician Sex and Physician Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling physician sex and physician communication style: Their effects on patient satisfaction in a virtual medical visit

Mast¹,

Hall²,

Roter³

2007

Patient Education and Counseling

138

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Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of physician sex and physician communication style on patient satisfaction. In real medical visits, physician sex and physician communication style are confounded variables. By using the virtual medical visit paradigm, we were able to disentangle the two variables and study their separate and/or joint effects on patient satisfaction. Method: In an experimental design, analogue patients (167 students) interacted with a computer-generated virtual physician on a computer screen. The patients' satisfaction during the visit was assessed. Results: Depending on the sex composition of the dyad, physician communication style affected analogue patients' satisfaction differently. For instance, in male-male dyads, physician communication style did not affect the patients' satisfaction, whereas in female-female dyads, analogue patients were more satisfied when the physician adopted a caring as opposed to a non-caring communication style. Conclusion: Sex of the physician and sex of the patient moderate how different physician communication styles affect patient satisfaction. In particular, a female-sex role congruent communication style leads to higher patient satisfaction when women see a female physician. Practice implications: Physician communication training cannot be one size fits all. Rather female and male physicians should obtain different training and they need to be made aware of the fact that female and male patients harbor different expectations toward them. #

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“…An important question is if the results obtained in this study with female elite handball players playing high-stake matches can be generalized to other team sports, to male athletes, and/or to matches with less importance or on a lower level. It is acknowledged that females and males differ in touch behaviour in team sports (Kneidinger, Maple, & Tross, 2001), in nonverbal behaviours in general, and facial and gestural expressiveness in specific (Hall & Gunnery, 2013;Richmond et al, 2012). Team sports played on much bigger courts (e.g., baseball), or with different rules (e.g., a break after a goal) offer different possibilities to celebrate successful performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonverbal post-shot celebrations and their relationship with performance in elite handball

Moesch

Kenttä

Bäckström

et al. 2016

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

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Nonverbal behaviour has an important function in team sports, but research is limited.Adopting a psychological momentum (PM) framework, this study explores the relationship between a team's history of events, nonverbal post-shot celebrations in the form of gestures and touch shown by the shooter after scoring, and subsequent team performance during handball matches. A naturalistic design with systematic observation was chosen for the present study. Based on an existing coding scheme, 616 post-shot periods from 18 high-stake matches of the highest league in Sweden were analysed. Results showed that the better a team's prior performance, the more gestures were displayed after scoring in the following period. A high degree of touch when playing well, and a low degree of touch when playing poorly were related to positive subsequent team performance, while, showing much touch when playing poorly, or showing little touch when playing well were related to negative subsequent team performance. The amount of displayed gesture and touch alone was not significantly related to subsequent team performance. To conclude, nonverbal post-shot celebrations were related to subsequent team performance, but only when the ongoing history of events was taken into account, and only for touch. Based on these results, the history of events emerges as an important variable when the dynamics of ongoing team sport matches are investigated. Further, touch, compared to gesture, seems to be of more importance for subsequent team performance. As expected when investigating complex phenomena in ongoing matches, the findings resulted in small effect sizes.

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Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion

Cited by 237 publications

References 0 publications

The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling.

The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling.

Disentangling physician sex and physician communication style: Their effects on patient satisfaction in a virtual medical visit

Nonverbal post-shot celebrations and their relationship with performance in elite handball

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