Gender differences in hypertrophy, insulin resistance and ischemic injury in the aging type 2Bdiabetic rat heart

Effect of endogenous galanin on glucose transporter 4 expression in cardiac muscle of type 2 diabetic rats

“…The cardiac muscle is quantitatively the very important target tissues for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal which predominantly depends on GLUT4 [3,15,27]. The GLUT4 expression level is lower in cardiac muscle of animals and patients with type 2 diabetes [5,6,11,27]. Besides, previous studies revealed that in the myocardium of insulin resistant patients with cardiac hypertrophy and ischemic injury the GLUT4 contents were decreased, which represents an obstacle in glucose uptake into the cardiomyocytes [5,6,24,31].…”

“…Similar to skeletal muscle, GLUT4 levels in the myocardium were reduced in type 2 diabetic animals and patients [5,6,11,24,28]. The reduction in the GLUT4 levels contributes significantly to elevated insulin resistance and myocardial dysfunction of cardiac muscle [3,27].…”

Rodent models of diabetic cardiomyopathy

“…Fein et al, 1985;Zola et al, 1988 BB rat Rodrigues and McNeill, 1990;Broderick and Hutchison, 2004;Broderick and Poirier, 2005 Type 2 diabetes Goto-Kakizaki rat Desrois et al, 2004a;Desrois et al, 2004b KK A y mouse Ye et al, 2004 NOD, non-obese diabetic.…”

Sex and Gender Differences in Endocrinology

“…39 In a mouse model, aging females with T2DM featured increased insulin resistance associated with increased susceptibility to ischemic heart disease. 40 Female mice need lower amounts of islet cells, upon transplantation, to normalize glucose levels compared to males. 41 Interestingly, perinatal growth restriction was associated with impaired glucose tolerance only in female mice supporting the concept of sexspecifi c fetal programming.…”