Gender Differences in Hypertension: Myths and Reality

Doumas, Michael; Papademetriou, Vasilios; Faselis, Charles; Kokkinos, Peter

doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0359-y

Cited by 126 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…7 This was seen in the sample of the present study: while reports of disease were higher in females, , males had higher prevalence of LVH in all age groups.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in primary care patients according to sex and age group. A retrospective observational study

et al. 2018

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BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in a population is useful for interpreting the findings. The aim here was to assess the prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities and self-reported comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors according to sex and age group among Brazilian primary care patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational retrospective study on consecutive primary care patients in 658 cities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, whose digital electrocardiograms (ECGs) were sent for analysis to the team of the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais (TNMG). METHODS: All ECGs analyzed by the TNMG team in 2011 were included. Clinical data were self-reported and electrocardiographic abnormalities were stratified according to sex and age group. RESULTS: A total of 264,324 patients underwent ECG examinations. Comorbidities and cardiovascular risk factors were more frequent among women, except for smoking. Atrial fibrillation and flutter, premature beats, intraventricular blocks, complete right bundle branch block and left ventricular hypertrophy were more frequent among men, and nonspecific ventricular repolarization abnormalities and complete left bundle branch block among women. CONCLUSION: Electrocardiographic abnormalities were relatively common findings, even in the younger age groups. The prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities increased with age and was higher among men in all age groups, although women had higher frequency of self-reported comorbidities.

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“…7 This was seen in the sample of the present study: while reports of disease were higher in females, , males had higher prevalence of LVH in all age groups.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 65%

Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in primary care patients according to sex and age group. A retrospective observational study

et al. 2018

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“…8,16,41,42 However, the factors affecting gender differences in prevalence, awareness, and treatment are generally poorly clarified. 43 In Brazil, healthcare access should be universal and free through the national health plan called the Sistema Único de Saúd or SUS, and men should theoretically have the same level of access to primary care as women. However, the use of health services has been consistently shown to be lower in men than in women in Brazil and was affected by age, education, income, and type of employment (i.e., formal, informal).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertension in a Brazilian Urban Slum Population

et al. 2015

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Low-and middle-income countries account for the majority of hypertension disease burden. However, little is known about the distribution of this illness within subpopulations of these countries, particularly among those who live in urban informal settlements. A cross-sectional hypertension survey was conducted in 2003 among 5649 adult residents of a slum settlement in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Hypertension was defined as either an elevated arterial systolic (≥140 mmHg) or diastolic (≥90 mmHg) blood pressure. Sex-specific multivariable models of systolic blood pressure were constructed to identify factors associated with elevated blood pressure. The prevalence of hypertension in the population 18 years and older was 21 % (1162/5649). Men had 1.2 times the risk of hypertension compared with women (95 % confidence intervals (CI), 1.05, 1.36). Increasing age and lack of any schooling, particularly for women, were also significantly associated with elevated blood pressure (pG0.05). There was also a direct association between men who were black and an elevated blood pressure. Among those who were hypertensive, 65.5 % were aware of their condition, and only 36.3 % of those aware were actively using anti-hypertensive medications. Men were less likely to be aware of their diagnosis or to use medications (pG0.01 for both) than women. The prevalence of hypertension in this slum community was lower than reported frequencies in the non-slum population of Brazil and Salvador, yet both disease awareness and treatment frequency were low. Further research on hypertension and other chronic non-communicable diseases in slum populations is urgently needed to guide prevention and treatment efforts in this growing population.

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“…This could probably be due to significantly higher awareness, treatment, and control rates among women than men as supported by a recent data from the 2007 to 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Comparison of Efficacy and Adverse Drug Reactions of Monotherapy Versus Combination Therapy of Antihypertensives Among Diabetic Hypertensive Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Bairy

2017

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: To compare the efficacy and adverse drug reactions of monotherapy and combination therapy of antihypertensive drugs in diabetic hypertensive patients. Methods:A prospective observational study of 18 months duration was conducted in the Department of Medicine of a tertiary care hospital in South India. A total of 200 patients were included in the study. Using a standard proforma, the details of patients such as demographic data and antihypertensive medications were collected and analyzed for efficacy and safety.Results: Of 200 patients studied, 50% received monotherapy whereas the remaining 50% received combination therapy. There was male preponderance (54%) in the study population, with the mean age being 60.07±11.32 years. In monotherapy group, most commonly prescribed drug was amlodipine (38%), whereas in combination group, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) or calcium channel blocker (CCB) + beta blocker (18%) was commonly prescribed among 2-drug group and ARB+ thiazide+ CCB (25.6%) among 3-drug group. Monotherapy and combination therapy were analyzed to be equally efficacious in reducing systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Based on the adverse effect profile, monotherapy comparatively produced more adverse effects than combination group. Amlodipine-induced pedal edema (56.7%) was the most common adverse effect observed, and it was predominantly managed by changing it to be a better tolerable CCB, namely cilnidipine. Conclusion:The combination therapy may be a better treatment option in selected patient population.

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Gender Differences in Hypertension: Myths and Reality

Cited by 126 publications

References 90 publications

Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in primary care patients according to sex and age group. A retrospective observational study

Prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in primary care patients according to sex and age group. A retrospective observational study

Hypertension in a Brazilian Urban Slum Population

Comparison of Efficacy and Adverse Drug Reactions of Monotherapy Versus Combination Therapy of Antihypertensives Among Diabetic Hypertensive Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital

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