Gender Differences in Electroencephalographic Activity in Response to the Earthy Odorants Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol

Abstract

Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, molecules with the same odor characteristics, are mainly responsible for the smell of soil and cause odor problems worldwide in drinking water supplies. However, the effect of these odor molecules on human brain function is still unclear. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of inhalation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in order to understand whether their action on brain wave activity is the same or different. A total of 20 healthy volunteers (10 women and 10 men) were selected to determine the EEG power spectrum changes. The EEG data were recorded from 32 channels according to the International 10-20 system and 25 EEG power spectrum indices were analyzed. The inhalation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol exhibited different EEG activity by producing changes in different EEG indicators as well as brain regions. In both genders, significant changes in EEG power spectra were observed during the inhalation of geosmin when compared with 2-methylisoborneol. Absolute waves such as beta, fast alpha, low beta, high beta, and gamma significantly decreased, particularly in the centro-parietal (Cp6) region, due to the exposure to geosmin. According to gender variation, geosmin produced significant changes in the absolute low beta and high beta waves at the Cp6 region in women. In the case of 2-methylisoborneol, a significant increase in absolute alpha and absolute fast alpha activity was observed at the F8 region in men. However, there were no significant changes in absolute waves for men and women during the inhalation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. Although both components are responsible for soil smell, they exhibit significantly different EEG activity according to gender.

The gender variation on the electroencephalographic activity in response to the exposure of black pepper essential oil from Kampong Cham, Cambodia

“…According to our previous studies, women highly responded well to aroma components than men. 17,19,21,38,39 In contrast, men are highly sensitive to black pepper essential oil than women in this study.…”

“…When compared with men, women are highly sensitive to both compounds. 17 In another study, molecules with the same odor characteristics (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol) are also exhibited markedly different EEG activity in men and women 21 . It was also found that gender variation occurred in the EEG activity of resting, stimulus, and non-stimulus conditions.…”

“…The EEG readings were recorded using a QEEG‐64FX system (LAXTHA Inc). The EEG data were recorded from 32 channels located on the scalp at Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T7, T8, P7, P8, Afz, Cz, Fz, Pz, Fpz, Oz, Af3, Af4, Fc1, Fc2, Fc5, Fc6, Cp1, Cp2, Cp5, and Cp6 sites according to the International 10‐20 System previously described by Kim et al The electrodes were referenced to the ipsilateral earlobe electrodes. The EEG sampling rate of the measured subjects was 250 Hz, filtered in the range of 2.5‐50 Hz, and the readings were stored in a computer by the 24‐bit analog‐to‐digital conversion.…”

“…System previously described by Kim et al 21 The electrodes were referenced to the ipsilateral earlobe electrodes. The EEG sampling rate of the measured subjects was 250 Hz, filtered in the range of 2.5-50 Hz, and the readings were stored in a computer by the 24-bit analog-to-digital conversion.…”

“…16 The EEG study is comparatively simple, non-invasive and could serve as an objective tool for determining the olfactory system. The EEG power spectra bands were classified into five major bands such as delta (0-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) Hz) beta (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) and gamma (>30 Hz) waves. 14 These brain waves naturally appear during the active as well as resting states.…”