Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Risk among NCAA Division I Cross Country and Track Student-Athletes

Krebs, Paul; Dennison, Christopher R.; Kellar, Lisa C.; Lucas, Jeffrey W.

doi:10.1155/2019/5035871

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Similar results have been found in a sample of adolescent female and male athletes. In this case, the proportion was 1:3.5 amongst distance runners, with both males and females being at risk of ED, though with females exhibiting higher risk [36]. Similar results were found by Sundgot-Borgen & Torstveit (2004) [8] who reported that 20% of female athletes and 8% of male athletes met criteria for an ED, compared to 9% of female controls and 0.5% of male controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Likelihood of suffering from an eating disorder in a sample of Spanish cyclists and triathletes

et al. 2020

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Background During recent years, there has been increasing interest in the study of eating disorders within sports practitioners, with prevalence being reported to be higher than in the general population. The aim of this study was to describe and predict eating disorders according to sex, body mass index, age and sport discipline within a sample of athletes. Methods A sample of 4037 cyclists and triathletes from across Spain was selected. Athletes self-reported demographic characteristics and completed the revised restraint scale, SCOFF questionnaire and Mediterranean diet adherence screener. To be eligible for inclusion, participants had to be over eighteen years old. Results Males were significantly less likely than females (p < 0.001; OR = 0.33), and triathletes (p < 0.01; OR = 0.76) were less likely than cyclists to suffer from an eating disorder. Possibility of suffering from an eating disorder increased with increasing body mass index (p < 0.001; OR = 1.38) and decreasing age (p < 0.001; OR = 0.97). Conclusion Findings suggest that the roles of sex, sport discipline, age and body mass index predict risk factors for eating disorders in a sample of Spanish athletes. Clinical diagnosis seems necessary to better understand the factors and mechanisms at play when Spanish athletes develop an eating disorder. Trial registration Ethics Committee of the University of Granada (N°883) data: 16/11/2015.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Likelihood of suffering from an eating disorder in a sample of Spanish cyclists and triathletes

et al. 2020

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“…Notably, however, across all sport types the prevalence of male athletes identified as at-risk for an eating disorder and those with diagnosed eating disorders are lower than that observed in female athletes, 9% versus 21% and 8% versus 20%, respectively [35]. This pattern is supported by findings in male and female distance runners, where one report found that 46% of women were identified as at-risk for an eating disorder compared to only 14% of men [37]. It is interesting, however, that, although the prevalence of eating disorders in male athletes is lower than that of female athletes, it is similar to the prevalence of eating disorders in the general female population, suggesting that eating behaviors/eating disorders are an important concern in exercising men [35].…”

Section: Energy Availability Associated With An Initial Working Modelmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Role of Energy Availability in Reproductive Function in the Female Athlete Triad and Extension of its Effects to Men: An Initial Working Model of a Similar Syndrome in Male Athletes

2019

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The Female Athlete Triad represents three interrelated conditions of (i) low energy availability (energy deficiency), presenting with or without disordered eating, (ii) menstrual dysfunction, and (iii) poor bone health, each of which can exist along a continuum of severity ranging from mild and moderate subclinical health concerns to severe clinical outcomes, including eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. This review provides a brief overview of the Female Athlete Triad, including updating the current thinking regarding energy availability and how it relates to reproductive function, and sets the stage for an initial working model of a similar syndrome in males that will be based on currently available evidence and will later be defined and referred to as a Male Athlete Triad by the newly renamed Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition. A primary focus of this paper will be on the physiology of each Triad model with an emphasis on low energy availability and its role in reproductive function, with a brief introduction on its effects on bone health in men. From the data reviewed, (i) a specific threshold of energy availability below which menstrual disturbances are induced is not supported; (ii) it appears that the energetic, reproductive, and bone systems in men are more resilient to the effects of low energy availability compared to those of women, requiring more severe energetic perturbations before alterations are observed; and (iii) it appears that recovery of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis can be observed more quickly in men than in women.

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“…Reports on collegiate athletes are mixed. Although female collegiate athletes have demonstrated a higher prevalence of EDs and ED symptomatology than male‐identified collegiate athletes (e.g., Krebs, Dennison, Kellar, & Lucas, 2019), it is less clear if the prevalence in collegiate athletes exceeds that of non‐athlete collegiate students (Greenleaf, Petrie, Carter, & Reel, 2009; Johnson, Powers, & Dick, 1999). Across ED behaviors, one of the only studies comparing college athletes, independent exercisers, and non‐exercisers observed greater severity of ED symptomatology at higher levels of sport participation (Holm‐Denoma, Scaringi, Gordon, Van Orden, & Joiner, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing eating disorder characteristics and treatment in self‐identified competitive athletes and non‐athletes from the National Eating Disorders Association online screening tool

Flatt

Thornton

Fitzsimmons‐Craft

et al. 2020

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective We compared eating disorder (ED) characteristics and treatment seeking behaviors between self‐identified competitive athletes and non‐athletes in a large, community‐based sample. Method During the 2018 National Eating Disorders Awareness Week, 23,920 respondents, 14.7% of whom identified as competitive athletes, completed the National Eating Disorders Association online screen. Data were collected on demographics, disordered eating behaviors, probable ED diagnosis/risk, treatment history, and intent to seek treatment. Results The sample was predominantly White (81.8%), female (90.3%), and between 13 and 24 years (82.6%). Over 86% met criteria for an ED/subthreshold ED, and of those, only 2.5% were in treatment. Suicidal ideation was reported in over half of the sample. Athletes reported a significantly greater likelihood of engaging in and more frequent excessive exercise episodes than non‐athletes. Athletes also reported a significantly lower likelihood of engaging in and less frequent binge‐eating episodes compared with non‐athletes. Athletes were more likely to screen positive for an ED/subthreshold ED than non‐athletes, but percentages across all probable ED diagnoses were similar. No significant differences between athletes and non‐athletes emerged on treatment history or intention to seek treatment post‐screen (less than 30%). Discussion Although the distribution of probable ED diagnoses was similar in athletes and non‐athletes, symptom profiles related to disordered eating behavior engagement and frequency may differ. Athletes may be less likely to seek treatment due to stigma, accessibility, and sport‐specific barriers. Future work should directly connect survey respondents to tailored treatment tools and increase motivation to seek treatment.

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Gender Differences in Eating Disorder Risk among NCAA Division I Cross Country and Track Student-Athletes

Cited by 22 publications

References 25 publications

Likelihood of suffering from an eating disorder in a sample of Spanish cyclists and triathletes

Likelihood of suffering from an eating disorder in a sample of Spanish cyclists and triathletes

The Role of Energy Availability in Reproductive Function in the Female Athlete Triad and Extension of its Effects to Men: An Initial Working Model of a Similar Syndrome in Male Athletes

Comparing eating disorder characteristics and treatment in self‐identified competitive athletes and non‐athletes from the National Eating Disorders Association online screening tool

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