Gender differences in depression in primary care

Williams, Janet B. W.; Spitzer, Robert L.; Linzer, Mark; Kroenke, Kurt; Hahn, Steven R.; deGruy, Frank V.; Lazev, Amy B.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(95)90298-8

Cited by 133 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The presence of depressive symptoms compromise enormously the quality of life [13] and according to the severity and intensity of those symptoms, its impact on general welfare can be up to 23 times greater relatively to other physical diseases [14]. Faria et al described that pesticide poisoning was strongly associated with minor psychiatric disorders, emphasizing the dimension of the problem and the importance of adopting new policies for the protection of farm workers' mental health [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Beck Depression Inventory Score among Coffee Growers Pesticide Applicators

Conti¹,

Romão²,

Chagas³

et al. 2017

Clinical Psychiatry

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The extensive use of pesticides has been followed by increasing concerns about their potential acute and chronic effects in general and mental health. Brazil is the greatest pesticides consumer in the world since 2008. Several studies describe the association between the pesticides toxicity and psychiatric disorders, especially depression, but efforts are needed to corroborate these studies. The aim was to map the region studied according to the percentage of people that apply pesticides in the tillage from each rural community included in this study and correlate this data with the percentage of workers with high Beck depression score on that community. A total of 122 male pesticide applicators from seven different cities distributed among thirteen different communities completed the Beck Depression Inventory II. According to the mapping of the region, the percentage of rural workers with high beck score in a given community is significantly correlated with the percentage of pesticide use on that place. This data corroborate many findings that suggest relationship between depressive symptoms and the use of pesticides.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Beck Depression Inventory Score among Coffee Growers Pesticide Applicators

Conti¹,

Romão²,

Chagas³

et al. 2017

Clinical Psychiatry

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“…Many of the serotonergic-governed functions and dysfunctions differ between men and women (Yonders et al, 1992;Williams et al, 1995;Bryant et al, 1999;Roof and Hall, 2000). To further our understanding of potential biological factors in affective disorders, we have studied the actions of ovarian hormones on aspects of serotonin neural function in spayed female rhesus macaques.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most frequent serotonin pathology is depression, and this disorder exhibits gender bias (Weissman and Olfson, 1995). A long-standing issue in psychiatry has been whether this gender bias may have a neurobiological underpinning (Schwartz, 1991;Williams et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Ovarian Steroids and Raloxifene on Proteins that Synthesize, Transport, and Degrade Serotonin in the Raphe Region of Macaques

Smith

Henderson

Abell

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

150

127

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In the monkey dorsal raphe, we reported that 1-month (mo) of estrogen replacement, with or without progesterone supplementation for 14 days, significantly increased tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH-1) mRNA; decreased serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) mRNA and decreased monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A mRNA, but had no effect on MAO-B mRNA. Here, we questioned what effect would 1 or 5 mo of ovarian hormones or the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), raloxifene, have on TPH protein and phosphorylation, and on protein expression of SERT, MAO-A or MAO-B? Raloxifene antagonizes estrogen in breast or uterus, but estrogen-like activities in the brain have been reported. Cytoplasmic and membrane extracts of the dorsal raphe region were processed for Western blotting. TPH, phosphoserine, SERT, MAO-A, and MAO-B were detected with specific antibodies. The optical densities of the signals were measured with NIH image and analyzed by ANOVA. Both 1 and 5 mo of estrogen, with or without progesterone, and 5 mo of raloxifene significantly increased TPH protein. Administration for 5 mo of estrogen plus progesterone and raloxifene also increased TPH phosphorylation. Estrogen, with or without progesterone, for 1 mo had no effect on SERT protein. However, 5 mo of estrogen and 5 mo of raloxifene increased SERT protein. Estrogen alone or combined with progesterone for 1 mo caused a significant reduction in MAO-A. Yet, after 5 mo of the same treatments, MAO-A was not different from spayed controls. Estrogen alone had no effect on MAO-B. However, the addition of progesterone significantly increased MAO-B. Raloxifene for 5 mo had no effect on MAO-A or MAO-B. Thus, to various extents, estrogen, progesterone, and raloxifene may increase serotonin production and transport. The expression of the degradative enzymes suggests a complex combination of gene transcription, post-transcriptional processing, and substrate feedback mechanisms.

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“…Since sex differences have been suggested in service utilization on behalf of mood disorder patients [14][15][16], this issue is interesting and deserves to be deepened. Depressed women have been reported to be much more likely than men to receive a prescription for antidepressants [14], and to use significantly more outpatient services than males [15]. Thus women seem to be more likely than men to use mental healthcare services [16], especially as regards outpatient one.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Snapshot of Treatment of Inpatients with A Mood Disorder Episode: Does Theory Match Everyday Clinical Practice?

Zeppegno¹,

Gramaglia²,

Gattoni³

et al. 2017

Clin Depress

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Mood disorders represent a major cause of hospitalization in psychiatric ward. We focused on sex differences, therapies and rehospitalization rates/length of stay in inpatients with mood disorders. Rehospitalization is often observed in patients with mental disorders, with rates up to 80%. Socio-demographic features, clinical features and treatment type influence the length of stay. The objective of this study was to assess how the literature findings match everyday clinical practice in an acute psychiatric ward. We performed a retrospective observational study extracting data from our medical records from 1 st July 2012 to 1 st July 2014. 85 patients were eligible for the study; the overall number of admittances to the ward was 103. We have not found any difference in the rates of Bipolar Disorder between males and females, we failed to find an higher frequency of Depressive disorders in females. In our sample the rates of early readmission is 17.5%. Patients with an involuntary admission included exclusively those with a manic or hypomanic episode; patients with depressive episodes were more likely to have committed a suicide attempt.

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Gender differences in depression in primary care

Cited by 133 publications

References 23 publications

Increased Beck Depression Inventory Score among Coffee Growers Pesticide Applicators

Increased Beck Depression Inventory Score among Coffee Growers Pesticide Applicators

Effects of Ovarian Steroids and Raloxifene on Proteins that Synthesize, Transport, and Degrade Serotonin in the Raphe Region of Macaques

A Snapshot of Treatment of Inpatients with A Mood Disorder Episode: Does Theory Match Everyday Clinical Practice?

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