Gender differences in cooperation with group membership

Charness, Gary; Rustichini, Aldo

doi:10.1016/j.geb.2010.07.006

Cited by 102 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown differential or even opposing oxytocin effects between males and females (Macdonald, 2012;Fischer-Shofty et al, 2013;Rilling et al, 2014). Gender differences were also observed in ingroup favoritism (van Vugt et al, 2007;Charness and Rustichini, 2011). Another related issue is whether the current finding can be generalized to individuals from other cultures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Participants were instructed to refrain from smoking or drinking (except water) for 2 h before the experiment. Previous studies reported gender differences in both oxytocin function (Macdonald, 2012;Fischer-Shofty et al, 2013;Rilling et al, 2014) and ingroup favoritism (van Vugt et al, 2007;Charness and Rustichini, 2011). In addition, studies examining oxytocin effects on social cognition and behaviors have been conducted mainly with men (van IJzendoorn and Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opposing Oxytocin Effects on Intergroup Cooperative Behavior in Intuitive and Reflective Minds

Liu

Rand

et al. 2015

Neuropsychopharmacol

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People often favor ingroup over outgroup members when choosing to cooperate. Such ingroup-favored cooperation is promoted by oxytocin-a neuropeptide shown to facilitate social cognition and that has emerged as a pharmacological target for treatments of social functioning deficits. The current study applied a dual-process model to investigate whether and how intuitive and reflective cognitive styles affect the oxytocin-motivated ingroup favoritism in cooperation. We examined oxytocin effects on ingroup favoritism in a double-blind, placebo-controlled between-subjects design where cognitive processing (intuition vs reflection) was experimentally manipulated in healthy Chinese males (n = 150). We also supplemented this experimental manipulation with an individual difference analysis by assessing participants' inclination toward intuition or reflection in daily life. Intranasal administration of oxytocin (vs placebo) increased ingroup favoritism among participants primed to be intuitive or those who preferred intuition in daily life. In contrast, oxytocin decreased ingroup favoritism in participants primed to rely on reflective thinking or those who preferred reflective decision-making in daily life. Our results demonstrate that oxytocin has distinct functional roles when different cognitive styles (ie, intuition vs reflection) are promoted during social cooperation in a group situation. Our findings have implications for oxytocin pharmacotherapy of social dysfunction in that whether the effects of oxytocin on social functioning are facilitative, debilitative, or null, depends on an individual's cognitive style.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opposing Oxytocin Effects on Intergroup Cooperative Behavior in Intuitive and Reflective Minds

Liu

Rand

et al. 2015

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The same hypothesis, however, may bring different predictions for men, since the relationship between behavior and social status is likely to be gender-specific. For instance, women cooperate more in the Prisoner's Dilemma game while being observed by their peer group whereas men cooperate less (Charness and Rustichini, 2011), suggesting important gender differences in the relationship between social status and cooperation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone administration does not affect men's rejections of low ultimatum game offers or aggressive mood

Cueva

Roberts

Spencer

et al. 2017

Hormones and Behavior

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Correlative evidence suggests that testosterone promotes dominance and aggression. However, causal evidence is scarce and offers mixed results. To investigate this relationship, we administered testosterone for 48h to 41 healthy young adult men in a within-subjects, double-blind placebo-controlled balanced crossover design. Subjects played the role of responders in an ultimatum game, where rejecting a low offer is costly, but serves to destroy the proposer's profit. Such action can hence be interpreted as non-physical aggression in response to social provocation. In addition, subjects completed a self-assessed mood questionnaire. As expected, self-reported aggressiveness was a key predictor of ultimatum game rejections. However, while testosterone affected subjective ratings of feeling energetic and interested, our evidence strongly suggests that testosterone had no effect on ultimatum game rejections or on aggressive mood. Our findings illustrate the importance of using causal interventions to assess correlative evidence.

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“…However, most of these studies have focused on testing a particular competition type against others, the winner-takes-all (WTA) competition. Decisions in WTA competition relate to key variables such as culture [9,15,16], gender identity (cooperative or non-cooperative [17]), self-confidence [18][19][20][21], risk/ambiguity attitudes [15,21], or combinations of these variables [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Value Co-Creation: Increasing Women’s Presence in Management Positions through Competition against a Set Target

2017

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Despite empirical evidence that women's presence in management positions is a source of value co-creation for firms, these positions are still male-dominated. Some evidence from experimental economics suggests that one reason for this imbalance is that women shy away from competition. However, most of these studies have focused on competition systems that pit individuals against each other. We present an economic laboratory experiment that compares competition against others with competition against a set target. The crucial difference is that whereas the former involves competing against opponents, the latter does not. Our results show that significantly more women are willing to compete against a set target than against others. Furthermore, there is no reduction in men's participation and no general efficiency reduction. Our findings suggest that firms that aim at value co-creation and sustainability through a gender-neutral promotion mechanism should introduce competition against a set target and reduce competition against others. This paper contributes to dispelling stereotypes about women's reluctance to compete.

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Gender differences in cooperation with group membership

Cited by 102 publications

References 31 publications

Opposing Oxytocin Effects on Intergroup Cooperative Behavior in Intuitive and Reflective Minds

Opposing Oxytocin Effects on Intergroup Cooperative Behavior in Intuitive and Reflective Minds

Testosterone administration does not affect men's rejections of low ultimatum game offers or aggressive mood

Toward Value Co-Creation: Increasing Women’s Presence in Management Positions through Competition against a Set Target

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