Gender Differences among Patients with a Single Depressive Episode

Bukh, Jens Drachmann; Bock, Camilla; Vinberg, Maj; Gether, Ulrik; Kessing, Lars Vedel

doi:10.1159/000288638

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 108 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…The gender difference of the original RRS was not apparent in our data. This is consistent with the result of Watkins,23 but not consistent with that of Nolen-Hoeksema et al27 Another study showed that some characteristics including the severity of depression were not different between genders 28,29. So the coping and ruminative style by gender needs further research.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Revised Korean Version of Ruminative Response Scale

Lee

Kim

2014

Psychiatry Investig

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ObjectiveRumination is a negative coping strategy defined as repetitive and passive focusing on negative feelings such as depression. The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) is a widely-used instrument to measure rumination, but there is continuing argument about the construct validity of the RRS, because of probable overlap between the measurement of depression and that of rumination. The RRS-Revised (RRS-R), which removed 12 items of the RRS, is suggested as a more valid instrument for measuring rumination. Therefore, we translated RRS-R into Korean and explored the reliability, validity and factor structure in patients with major depressive disorders.MethodsSeventy-nine patients with major depressive disorder took the Korean version of RRS, RRS-R, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory and Penn State Worry Questionnaire. We performed exploratory factor analysis of RRS-R, and tested construct validity, internal reliability and test-retest reliability.ResultsThe internal and test-retest reliability of RRS-R was high. Factor analysis revealed that RRS-R is composed of two factors. 'Brooding' factor explained 56.6% and 'Reflection' factor explained 12.5%. RRS-R, especially 'Brooding factor', was highly correlated with other clinical symptoms such as depression, anxiety and worry.ConclusionIn this study, we find out the RRS-R is more reliable and valid than the original RRS in Korean patients with depression because the RRS-R is free from the debate about the overlap of item with BDI. We also revealed that 'Brooding' is highly correlated with depressive symptoms. RRS-R may be a useful instrument to explore the implication of 'Brooding' in depression.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Revised Korean Version of Ruminative Response Scale

Lee

Kim

2014

Psychiatry Investig

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“…These data have been presented in detail elsewhere [15] . In short, among the 607 patients who did not accept to participate in the face-to-face interview, 238 patients alternatively participated in a telephone interview or returned a brief questionnaire.…”

Section: Participants Versus Non-participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Comorbid Personality Disorder and Neuroticism on Treatment Outcome in First Episode Depression

et al. 2010

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Background: It has never been investigated whether comorbid personality disorder or neuroticism predicts a poor treatment outcome in first episode depression. Methods: Medically treated patients discharged with a diagnosis of a single depressive episode from a psychiatric in- or outpatient hospital setting were consecutively sampled from the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register. The patients participated in an extensive interview including the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders and a detailed assessment of medical treatment history using standardised procedures (Treatment Response to Antidepressants Questionnaire, TRAQ). Remission was defined as a score of ≤7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 17 items, and a score of ≧4 on the TRAQ following (1) a first adequate trial of antidepressant treatment, and (2) 2 trials of antidepressant treatment. Further personality traits were assessed by means of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Results: Among a total of 301 patients with a single depressive episode, 31.9% fulfilled diagnostic criteria for at least 1 personality disorder of any kind. Comorbid personality disorder was associated with a 2.2-times (95% CI: 1.1–4.2) increased risk of non-remission following the first antidepressant trial, whereas no effect was found following the second antidepressant trial (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.8–3.4). A high level of neuroticism was associated with non-remission in first as well as second trials. Conclusion: Comorbid personality disorder and high levels of neuroticism in first episode depression predict an increased risk of non-remission from depression.

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“…Consistent with this, several studies have suggested that even in 'pure' depression, women report more symptoms of anxiety. In a cohort of first episode patients with major depression, Bukh, Bock, Vinberg, Gether, and Kessing (2010) reported that women presented with more symptoms of anxiety and have higher scores for harm avoidance than men.…”

Section: Co-morbid Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in antidepressant drug response

Keers

Aitchison

2010

International Review of Psychiatry

154

103

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Epidemiological studies suggest there are considerable differences in the prevalence and presentation of depression in men and women. Women are more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression and may also report more atypical and anxiety symptoms than men. Men and women also differ in the metabolism and distribution of antidepressants and the presence of oestrogen in women of childbearing age may interfere with the mechanism of action of a number of antidepressants. These differences have led many researchers to question whether antidepressants are equally effective and tolerated in men and women. While some reports suggest that selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more effective and result in fewer adverse drug reactions in women than tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), gender differences in antidepressant response remains a controversial topic. The potential effects of antidepressant exposure in utero and in breast milk further complicate treatment options for antenatal and postnatal depression. While some research suggests the SSRI paroxetine is teratogenic, further carefully designed naturalistic studies are required to fully evaluate these effects. Finally, response to antidepressants and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions is marked by inter-individual variability which may be in part due to genetic differences. Future studies should therefore consider genotypes of the mother, foetus and infant in antidepressant response.

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Gender Differences among Patients with a Single Depressive Episode

Cited by 14 publications

References 108 publications

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Revised Korean Version of Ruminative Response Scale

Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of the Revised Korean Version of Ruminative Response Scale

The Influence of Comorbid Personality Disorder and Neuroticism on Treatment Outcome in First Episode Depression

Gender differences in antidepressant drug response

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