Gender, Context, and Expression of Positive Emotion

Stoppard, Janet M.; Gruchy, Carla D. Gunn

doi:10.1177/0146167293192002

Cited by 90 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A similar perspective underlies Averill's (1997) argument regarding the notion of emotion roles that have entrance requirements such that, for example, a successful display of anger presupposes sufficient power to adequately address the anger eliciting issue. Also, Stoppard and Gruchy (1993) found that individuals anticipate costs and rewards for showing certain emotions in certain contexts. Specifically, women expect more costs when not expressing positive emotions in an ''other''-oriented context, whereas men expect rewards for showing positive emotions regardless of context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional expressivity in men and women: Stereotypes and self-perceptions

Heß¹,

Senécal²,

Kirouac³

et al. 2000

Cognition & Emotion

201

112

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Three studies were conducted to assess prevalent stereotypes regarding men's and women's emotional expressivity as well as self-perceptions of their emotional behaviour. Emotion profiles were employed to assess both modal emotional reactions and secondary emotional reactions to hypothetical events and personal experiences. In Study 1 we asked how men and women in general would react to a series of hypothetical emotional events. In Study 2 we asked how participants themselves expected to react to these same situations and in Study 3 we asked participants to report a personal emotional event in narrative form. Two gender differences emerged across all three studies. Specifically, women were expected to be more likely to react with sadness to negative emotion-eliciting events in general. They also expected themselves to be more likely to react with sadness as well as to cry and to withdraw more when experiencing negative emotional events. Finally, women report more sadness when describing personal events. In contrast, men were expected to react with more happiness/serenity during negative emotional situations. Also, they expect themselves to react more frequently this way as well as to laugh and smile more and to be more relaxed in negative

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional expressivity in men and women: Stereotypes and self-perceptions

Heß¹,

Senécal²,

Kirouac³

et al. 2000

Cognition & Emotion

201

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sex differences in crying, smiling and aggressive behavior therefore seem partly based on gender-specific display rules. Many sex differences are context-dependent, and socialized in accordance with display rules, prescriptive social norms that dictate how, when and where emotions can be expressed by males and females (Brody & Hall, 1993;Fischer, 1993;Fischer, Rodriguez Mosquera, van Vianen, & Manstead, 2004;Shields, 1987;Stoppard & Gruchy, 1993;Underwood, Coie, & Herbsman, 1992). We will elaborate on this issue in the next section.…”

Section: Are Women More Emotional Than Men?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals

2012

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a b s t r a c tInterest in sex-related differences in psychological functioning has again come to the foreground with new findings about their possible functional basis in the brain. Sex differences may be one way how evolution has capitalized on the capacity of homologous brain regions to process social information between men and women differently. This paper focuses specifically on the effects of emotional valence, sex of the observed and sex of the observer on regional brain activations. We also discuss the effects of and interactions between environment, hormones, genes and structural differences of the brain in the context of differential brain activity patterns between men and women following exposure to seen expressions of emotion and in this context we outline a number of methodological considerations for future research. Importantly, results show that although women are better at recognizing emotions and express themselves more easily, men show greater responses to threatening cues (dominant, violent or aggressive) and this may reflect different behavioral response tendencies between men and women as well as evolutionary effects. We conclude that sex differences must not be ignored in affective research and more specifically in affective neuroscience.

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“…In contrast, women's most important values were trying to understand and improve their relationships, be tolerant, and act in a benevolent manner toward other people (Schwartz & Rubel, 2005). Due to deeply ingrained social norms or self-selected values, women focus greater efforts on regulating interpersonal relationships, whereas men focus their emotional expression on the maintenance and pursuit of power and status (Brody, 1997(Brody, , 1999Stoppard & Gruchy, 1993).…”

Section: Gender Differences In Emotionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Gratitude: Examining Appraisals, Narratives, the Willingness to Express Emotions, and Changes in Psychological Needs

Kashdan

Mishra

Breen

et al. 2009

Journal of Personality

304

159

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Previous work suggests women might possess an advantage over men in experiencing and benefiting from gratitude. We examined whether women perceive and react to gratitude differently than men. In Study 1, women, compared with men, evaluated gratitude expression to be less complex, uncertain, conflicting, and more interesting and exciting. In Study 2, college students and older adults described and evaluated a recent episode when they received a gift. Women, compared with men, reported less burden and obligation and greater gratitude. Upon gift receipt, older men reported the least positive affect when their benefactors were men. In Studies 2 and 3, women endorsed higher trait gratitude compared with men. In Study 3, over 3 months, women with greater gratitude were more likely to satisfy needs to belong and feel autonomous; gratitude had the opposite effect in men. The willingness to openly express emotions partially mediated gender differences, and effects could not be attributed to global trait affect. Results demonstrated that men were less likely to feel and express gratitude, made more critical evaluations of gratitude, and derived fewer benefits. Implications for the study and therapeutic enhancement of gratitude are discussed.

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Gender, Context, and Expression of Positive Emotion

Cited by 90 publications

References 15 publications

Emotional expressivity in men and women: Stereotypes and self-perceptions

Emotional expressivity in men and women: Stereotypes and self-perceptions

A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals

Gender Differences in Gratitude: Examining Appraisals, Narratives, the Willingness to Express Emotions, and Changes in Psychological Needs

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