Gender Change from Female to Male in Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Meyer‐Bahlburg, Heino F. L.; Gruen, Rhoda; New, Maria I.; Bell, Jennifer J.; Morishima, Akira; Shimshi, Mona; Bueno, Yvette; Vargas, Ileana; Baker, Susan W.

doi:10.1006/hbeh.1996.0039

Cited by 203 publications

(79 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, observations that phenobarbital or diphantoin usage during pregnancy, which affect gonadal steroid levels, increases the prevalence of transsexuality in the offspring support this idea (Dessens et al, 1999). Also, girls who had been exposed to high androgen levels as infants caused by congenital adrenal hyperplasia show an increased incidence of gender problems, which supports early developmental programming of this disorder (Meyer-Bahlburg et al, 1996;Zucker et al, 1996). The lack of marked sexual differentiation of the BSTc volume in our study before birth and in childhood certainly does not rule out early gonadal steroid effects on BSTc functions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Sexual Differentiation of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Humans May Extend into Adulthood

2002

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Gonadal steroids have remarkable developmental effects on sex-dependent brain organization and behavior in animals. Presumably, fetal or neonatal gonadal steroids are also responsible for sexual differentiation of the human brain. A limbic structure of special interest in this regard is the sexually dimorphic central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), because its size has been related to the gender identity disorder transsexuality. To determine at what age the BSTc becomes sexually dimorphic, the BSTc volume in males and females was studied from midgestation into adulthood. Using vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin immunocytochemical staining as markers, we found that the BSTc was larger and contains more neurons in men than in women. However, this difference became significant only in adulthood, showing that sexual differentiation of the human brain may extend into the adulthood. The unexpectedly late sexual differentiation of the BSTc is discussed in relation to sex differences in developmental, adolescent, and adult gonadal steroid levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Sexual Differentiation of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Humans May Extend into Adulthood

2002

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“…In contrast to the differences in interests, aspects of personality, spatial ability, and sexuality, gender identity is typical in the vast majority of CAH females [72,[77][78][79][80]. It is unclear what accounts for gender dysphoria in a small minority of females with CAH, but androgens appear not to play a significant role: there is not a relation between gender identity and indicators of prenatal androgen levels.…”

Section: Findings In Females With Cahmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Second, gender change may arise not just from androgen exposure, but in response to complex social conditions, e.g. a mismatch between behavior and parent expectations, peer stigmatization associated with atypical interests, internalized homophobia [79,119]. Third, follow-up methods were unsystematic and subjective, with interviewer expectations likely conveyed to participants and introduced into scoring.…”

Section: Findings In 46 Xy Individuals Without a Penismentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings

Cohen-Bendahan

Beek

Berenbaum

2005

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

488

400

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There is now good evidence that human sex-typed behavior is influenced by sex hormones that are present during prenatal development, confirming studies in other mammalian species. Most of the evidence comes from clinical populations, in which prenatal hormone exposure is atypical for a person's sex, but there is increasing evidence from the normal population for the importance of prenatal hormones. In this paper, we briefly review the evidence, focusing attention on the methods used to study behavioral effects of prenatal hormones. We discuss the promises and pitfalls of various types of studies, including those using clinical populations (concentrating on those most commonly studied, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, ablatio penis, and cloacal exstrophy), direct measures of hormones in the general population (assayed through umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and maternal serum during pregnancy), and indirect measures of hormones in the general population (inferred from intrauterine position and biomarkers such as otoacoustic emissions, finger length ratios, and dermatoglyphic asymmetries). We conclude with suggestions for interpreting and conducting studies of the behavioral effects of prenatal hormones. q

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“…However, when GD was considered, only a few cases have been described, with some changes from female-tomale gender, as reported by some authors [74,123,[130][131][132]. In fact, even if there is a strong evidence (40.9 %) of behaviors considered more typical of male gender identity [63], the majority (95 %) of 46,XX patients with CAH raised as females develop a female gender identity later on [24].…”

Section: XX Dsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender identity, gender assignment and reassignment in individuals with disorders of sex development: a major of dilemma

Fisher

Ristori

Fanni

et al. 2016

J Endocrinol Invest

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Gender Change from Female to Male in Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Cited by 203 publications

References 0 publications

Sexual Differentiation of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Humans May Extend into Adulthood

Sexual Differentiation of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Humans May Extend into Adulthood

Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings

Gender identity, gender assignment and reassignment in individuals with disorders of sex development: a major of dilemma

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