Gender and vulnerable employment in the developing world: Evidence from global microdata

Bue, Maria C. Lo; Le, Thi Ngoc Tu; Silva, Manuel F.; Sen, Kunal

doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106010

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In the local setting, high health expenditures for males probably reflect the fact that males are likely to have severe disease, which would require more service use [ 51 ]. Males are also more likely to be formally employed compared to females [ 52 , 53 ]. This gender differential in healthcare expenditure calls for deliberate efforts to ensure pro-female gender health financing policies in order to promote health for women and reduce inequalities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household costs and care seeking patterns associated with COVID-19 in Blantyre, Malawi

Chinkhumba,

Mpinganjira,

Kumitawa

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Economic consequences of COVID-19 illness and healthcare use for households in low income countries are not well known. We estimated costs associated with COVID-19 care-seeking and treatment from a household perspective and assessed determinants of treatment costs. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted between December 2020 and November 2021 in urban and peri-urban areas of Blantyre district. Adults (age ≥18 years) with confirmed COVID-19 were asked to report the symptoms they experienced or prompted them to seek COVID-19 tests as well as healthcare seeking behaviors preceding and following COVID-19 diagnosis. For individuals who sought healthcare, information on out-of-pocket expenditures incurred while seeking and receiving care including on transport, food etc. by both the patients and their guardians was collected. Finally, data on time use seeking, receiving care and during convalesces was recorded. Multivariate Generalized Linear Models were used to evaluate association between household COVID-19 costs and their determinants. Of 171 individuals who took part in the study, the average age was 40.7 years, standard deviation (SD) 15.0, and 50.8% were females. Most participants (85.3%) were symptomatic. Of these, 67.8% sought care at health facilities and the majority (91.7%) were treated as outpatients. The average total household cost associated with COVID-19 seeking, receiving care and convalescence was $62.81 (SD $126.02). Average costs for outpatient and inpatient cases were $52.96 (SD $54.35) and $172.39 (SD $407.08), respectively. Average out-of-pocket household expenditures were $42.62 (SD $123.10), accounting for 62% of total household costs. Being a male COVID-19 patient and engagement in formal employment were significantly associated with high COVID-19 household costs. Households face high economic burden related to COVID-19 sickness and healthcare use. Social policies that support households cope with both the direct and indirect COVID-19 cost are needed to ensure access to healthcare and protect households from COVID-19 related shocks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household costs and care seeking patterns associated with COVID-19 in Blantyre, Malawi

Chinkhumba,

Mpinganjira,

Kumitawa

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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“…El "género es [...] una construcción social determinada que [...] asienta sus raíces [...] en [...] las [...] representaciones sociales y códigos [... que resultan] fundamentales para comprender las ausencias y presencias, femeninas y masculinas, de las actividades productivas y reproductivas" (Torns, 1995: 82). En consecuencia, esta desigualdad surge de las concepciones socioculturales con las que se definen el comportamiento, la actitud y los roles de cada género en las distintas sociedades, dando lugar a estructuras complejas y excluyentes de índole normativa, ideológica, psicológica y grupal, que obstaculizan a un género su pleno desarrollo fuera de la esfera doméstica (Alesina et al, 2013;Duflo, 2012;Jayachandran, 2015;Lo Bue et al, 2022). Con lo que supone un fenómeno social, cultural, político, institucional, económico y jurídico que tiende a situar a las mujeres reiteradamente en una posición subordinada respecto a sus homólogos masculinos, coerciendo su desarrollo, promoción y dignidad (ILO, 2023;Jiménez, 2017;Lamont y Molnár, 2002).…”

Section: Desigualdad De Género: ¿Qué Es Y Cómo Aplica Al Mercado De T...unclassified

Mujer rica, mujer pobre: brecha ocupacional de género a lo largo de la distribución de la riqueza en países de ingreso bajo y mediano

Hernández Peña

2024

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Este trabajo estudia la brecha de género en la ocupación, en la media y a lo largo de la distribución de riqueza, en países de ingreso bajo y mediano; aspecto poco analizado hasta ahora, a pesar de que los mayores diferenciales del planeta pertenecen a estas naciones. Usando datos de panel provenientes de la Jobs-of-the-World-Database, analizamos brechas de género en tres dimensiones: ocupación blue collar, white collar y de alta cualificación. Estimamos un modelo de panel con dobles efectos fijos para analizar la relación entre los diferenciales ocupacionales y aspectos macroeconómicos vinculados al desarrollo, empleo, precios o tamaño gubernamental. Las brechas de género han disminuido con el tiempo, pero siguen siendo altas y, dependiendo del tipo de trabajo, son mayores entre ricos o pobres. En general, el crecimiento económico, una menor presión poblacional e inflacionista, y mayores tasas de empleo y gasto público se asocian con menores brechas ocupacionales, especialmente entre los pobres.

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“…By definition, this group is the least likely to have formal work arrangements and the least likely to have social protection and safety nets to guard against economic shocks, which often leaves them incapable of generating sufficient savings to offset these shocks. 93 …”

Section: Socioeconomic Determinants Of Sex Disparities In Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Social determinants of sex disparities in cancer in Southeast Asia

Arevalo¹,

Maslog²,

Manlongat³

et al. 2023

iScience

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Gender and vulnerable employment in the developing world: Evidence from global microdata

Cited by 22 publications

References 43 publications

Household costs and care seeking patterns associated with COVID-19 in Blantyre, Malawi

Household costs and care seeking patterns associated with COVID-19 in Blantyre, Malawi

Mujer rica, mujer pobre: brecha ocupacional de género a lo largo de la distribución de la riqueza en países de ingreso bajo y mediano

Social determinants of sex disparities in cancer in Southeast Asia

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