Gender and socio‐economic inequalities in health and living conditions among co‐resident informal caregivers: a nationwide survey in Spain

Abajo, Maria; Rodríguez-Sanz, Maica; Malmusi, Davide; Salvador, María

doi:10.1111/jan.13172

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…Comparing 19 European countries, Sweden had the highest degree of availability of formal care [21]. Outside of Europe, formal support is even more scarce [22]. Availability of formal care has been shown to mitigate effects of stressors and improve wellbeing in caregivers [23,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Female sex is a risk factor not only for becoming a caregiver but also for experiencing caregiving as a burden [ 3 , 22 ]. High caregiver burden is in turn linked with poor caregiver health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gender differences found in our study population could be explained by physiological and social aspects. In a caregiving context, coping mechanisms, social support, and socioeconomic factors have all been shown to affect perceived burden [ 22 , 25 ]. Gender and socioeconomic inequalities were reported from a Spanish nationwide survey [ 21 ] where women had less access to formal support.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Burden among Older Family Caregivers is Associated with High Prevalence of Symptoms: Data from the Swedish Study “Good Aging in Skåne (GÅS)”

Ekström

Auoja

Elmståhl

et al. 2020

Journal of Aging Research

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Background/Aim. Certain groups of informal caregivers have been shown to have worse health compared to noncaregivers. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the health and gender aspects of caregiving in an older Swedish population. Methods. Our study included 5457 participants from the longitudinal, general population study “Good Aging in Skåne.” A total of 33 self-reported symptoms were obtained from questionnaires and were then divided into seven domains: depressive, musculoskeletal, gastrourinary, symptoms related to head, cardiopulmonary, symptoms related to tension, and metabolic symptoms. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk of developing symptoms in each of the seven domains, regarding caregiving burden and caregiving in relation to gender. Results. We found that caregivers, compared to noncaregivers, had a higher prevalence for depressive and tension-related symptoms. High-burden caregivers exhibited significantly more individual symptoms and a higher prevalence of symptoms in the depressive, tension, and gastrourinary domains of symptoms compared to both low-burden caregivers and noncaregivers. More than 79% of high-burden caregivers reported general fatigue, and over half of the high-burden caregivers experience depressive mood. Female caregivers showed a significantly higher risk of reporting depressive symptoms (OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.19–1.98) and tension-related symptoms compared to male caregivers. Conclusion. Depressive and tension-related symptoms were more common in caregivers, especially in high-burden caregivers. High-burden caregivers might be at a risk of adverse mental health, and this highlights the need to offer proper support to these groups.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High Burden among Older Family Caregivers is Associated with High Prevalence of Symptoms: Data from the Swedish Study “Good Aging in Skåne (GÅS)”

Ekström

Auoja

Elmståhl

et al. 2020

Journal of Aging Research

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“…The conditions of family caregivers in the hospital and at home are not the same, and it is necessary to explore if the stressors work in the same way in the two settings. In this study, we focus on anxiety as it is one of the lesser studied negative emotional consequences and it has a high impact and importance [22]. The systematic reviews by Loh et al [19] and Sallim et al [20] reported a prevalence of anxiety of 21.4% in caregivers of relatives who have suffered a stroke [19], and 43.6% in caregivers of relatives who suffer from dementia [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burden and Anxiety in Family Caregivers in the Hospital That Debut in Caregiving

Pérez-Cruz

Parra-Anguita

López‐Martínez

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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This cross-sectional study aims to determine the level of subjective burden and anxiety of caregivers of dependent older relatives that start providing care in the hospital and to analyse the relationship between objective burden, subjective burden and anxiety in these caregivers. Seventy-two caregivers of dependent older relatives were recruited in a medium–long stay hospital. Sociodemographic variables, number of basic activities of daily living (ADLs) attended, hours of surveillance, burden, and anxiety were collected from caregivers. A trajectory analysis was used to analyse the relationship between variables. Of the caregivers, 36.1% had subjective burden and 14.9% had anxiety. Subjective burden was positively associated with the number of basic ADLs attended, the hours of surveillance, and the cognitive impairment of the care recipient. Anxiety was also positively associated with subjective burden. Subjective burden mediated the effects of the number of basic ADLs attended, hours of surveillance and the cognitive impairment of the care recipient on anxiety. The levels of subjective burden and anxiety in caregivers debuting in hospital care are elevated, showing the need for these caregivers to be cared for. Subjective burden is a possible risk factor for anxiety, independent of the objective burden; it may buffer the effects of objective burden on anxiety.

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“…There is an overabundance of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on the impact of family care on the health of caregivers worldwide [ 13 , 14 ]. In Spain, there have been also cross-sectional [ 7 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] and longitudinal studies that have tried to evaluate the association between family care and the impact on health [ 18 , 19 ] but there is no cohort of caregivers that has been followed for more than 12 months and with follow-up periodicities at reasonable intervals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of Life, Physical and Mental Health of Family Caregivers of Dependent People with Complex Chronic Disease: Protocol of a Cohort Study

Marfil‐Gómez

Morales-Puerto

León‐Campos

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: informal caregivers have a high risk of suffering from diseases derived from the chronic stress to which they are subjected for their dedication to the care of their relatives. Such stress has a direct influence on the person cared for, mainly affecting the quality of their care. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to assess the association of caregiving on physical and mental perceived health in family caregivers of dependent adults with complex chronic diseases. Methods: a prospective longitudinal cohort study, with a follow-up period of 36 months (HUELLA cohort). The exposed cohort will be formed by family caregivers of dependent patients with complex chronic pathologies. The unexposed cohort will be taken from the general population adjusted for age, sex and health. Outcome variables will include attendance to health services, consumption of psychoactive drugs, dedication to care (only in exposed cohort), concession of the Act on Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for dependent persons (exposed only), perceived physical and mental health, depression level, burden level and new diagnosis of chronic pathology of the caregiver during the study. Results: the expected results will be applicable and will incorporate improvements to the usual health system clinical practice, providing feedback to professionals dedicated to the provision, planning and design of services to family caregivers, as well as to groups and organizations of caregivers. Conclusions: investments in preventing low-quality informal care are key, mainly through early identification and interventions to support caregivers who suffer from stress, anxiety or depression.

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Gender and socio‐economic inequalities in health and living conditions among co‐resident informal caregivers: a nationwide survey in Spain

Abstract: The study highlights gender and socio-economic inequalities in informal caregiving and its negative consequences. These findings may be useful in the design of policies and support programmes targeting the most affected groups of informal caregivers.

Cited by 22 publications

References 47 publications

High Burden among Older Family Caregivers is Associated with High Prevalence of Symptoms: Data from the Swedish Study “Good Aging in Skåne (GÅS)”

High Burden among Older Family Caregivers is Associated with High Prevalence of Symptoms: Data from the Swedish Study “Good Aging in Skåne (GÅS)”

Burden and Anxiety in Family Caregivers in the Hospital That Debut in Caregiving

Quality of Life, Physical and Mental Health of Family Caregivers of Dependent People with Complex Chronic Disease: Protocol of a Cohort Study

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