Gender and Race/Ethnicity Differences in Lead Dose Biomarkers

Theppeang, Keson; Glass, Thomas A.; Bandeen‐Roche, Karen; Todd, Andrew C.; Rohde, Charles A.; Schwartz, Brian S.

doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.118505

Cited by 43 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…A total of 628 persons were considered current smokers; 526 persons based on the questionnaire and an additional 102 persons based on serum cotinine. Lead exposure also differs with respect to sex (higher in men), race/ethnicity (higher in African Americans), education (higher with lower educational attainment), socio-economic status (higher in lower socio-economic strata), and smoking (higher in smokers) 31, 32…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults

Bouchard¹,

Bellinger²,

Weuve³

et al. 2009

Arch Gen Psychiatry

130

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Context Lead is a ubiquitous neurotoxicant, and adverse cognitive and behavioral effects are well documented in children and occupationally exposed adults but not in adults with low environmental exposure. Objective To investigate the association of current blood lead levels with three common psychiatric disorders, major depression, panic, and generalized anxiety, among young adults. Design Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. Setting Representative sample of non-institutionalized United States adults. Participants A total of 1,987 respondents of age 20–39 years to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 1999 to 2004. Main Outcome Measures Twelve-month DSM-IV criteria-based diagnoses of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results Mean blood lead level was 1.61 μg/dL (SD 1.72, range 0.3–37.3 μg/dL). Increasing blood lead level was associated with higher odds of major depression (p for trend 0.05) and panic disorder (p for trend 0.02), but not generalized anxiety disorder (p for trend 0.75), after adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, and poverty-income ratio. Persons with blood lead level in the highest quintile had 2.3 times the odds of major depressive disorder (95% CI 1.13 – 4.75) and 4.9 times the odds of panic disorder (95% CI 1.32 – 18.48) as those in the lowest quintile. Cigarette smoking was associated with higher blood lead level and the outcomes, but models excluding current smokers also resulted in significantly increased odds for major depression (p for trend 0.03) and panic disorder (p for trend 0.01) with higher blood lead quintile. Conclusions In this sample of young adults with low levels of lead exposure, higher blood lead was associated with increased odds of major depression and panic disorder. Exposure to lead at levels generally considered safe could result in adverse mental health outcomes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Lead Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults

Bouchard¹,

Bellinger²,

Weuve³

et al. 2009

Arch Gen Psychiatry

130

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show abstract

“…[22-24] Although there is a dearth of data on bone lead in nonwhites, the few existing data suggest that there are larger racial disparities in bone lead compared to blood lead in adults, reflecting the historical disparities in lead exposure. [25,26] Also, higher levels of lead continue to be more prevalent in disadvantaged—including black—populations than in advantaged populations. [19,26] Finally, new research suggests that certain social factors that are more prevalent in black communities may amplify the hypertensive effects of low levels of lead.…”

Section: Lead Hypertension and Racementioning

confidence: 99%

How Cumulative Risks Warrant A Shift In Our Approach To Racial Health Disparities: The Case Of Lead, Stress, And Hypertension

Hicken

Gragg

2011

Health Affairs

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Blacks have persistently higher rates of high blood pressure, or hypertension, compared to whites, resulting in higher health costs and greater mortality. Recent research has shown that social and environmental factors – such as high levels of stress and exposure to lead – may explain racial disparities in hypertension. Based on these findings, we recommend a fundamental shift in approaches to health disparities to focus on these sorts of cumulative risks and health effects. Federal and state agencies and research institutions should develop strategic plans to learn more about these connections and apply the broader findings to policies to improve health disparities.

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“…A recent study conducted in Baltimore found higher tibia lead levels in African Americans compared with Whites, after controlling for socio-economic status (SES) or other factors (17). The authors suggested that this difference might be due to the higher life-time cumulative exposure to more polluted environments, rather than differences in bone kinetics by race/ethnicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Lead Level Prediction Models and Their Application to Examine the Relationship of Lead Exposure and Hypertension in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Park

Mukherjee

Xia

et al. 2009

Journal of Occupational &Amp; Environmental Medicine

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Objective-We developed prediction models for bone lead using blood lead levels and other standard covariates in a community-based cohort of older men.Methods-Participants having bone lead levels measured by K-x-ray fluorescence were included in the model selection process (n=825). Predictors of each tibia and patella lead were identified in three quarters of the population and then predicted the bone lead levels in the remaining one quarter and in the Community Lead Study.Results-18 predictors were selected for tibia (blood lead, age, education, occupation, smoking status, pack-years of cigarette, serum levels of phosphorus, uric acid, calcium, creatinine and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols, hematocrit, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, diagnoses of cancer and diabetes; R 2 =0.32) and 16 for patella lead (among the predictors included in the tibia model diagnosis of cancer, serum levels of calcium and total cholesterol were not included in patella lead model, but diagnosis of hypertension was included; R 2 =0.34), respectively. The correlation coefficients between the observed and predicted values were 0.43-0.50 for tibia and 0.52-0.58 for patella lead in internal and external validation. We applied these predicted bone lead models to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) to examine associations with hypertension and found relatively more significant associations compared to blood lead.Conclusions-This study suggests that the prediction equations may be used to predict bone lead levels in other community-based cohorts with reasonable accuracy.

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Gender and Race/Ethnicity Differences in Lead Dose Biomarkers

Cited by 43 publications

References 74 publications

Blood Lead Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults

Blood Lead Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults

How Cumulative Risks Warrant A Shift In Our Approach To Racial Health Disparities: The Case Of Lead, Stress, And Hypertension

Bone Lead Level Prediction Models and Their Application to Examine the Relationship of Lead Exposure and Hypertension in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

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