“…The different structure of opportunities in the labor market for men and women results in differential levels of financial security during retirement (Calasanti, 2010). Because women earn less than men throughout their working lives, they are eligible for smaller retirement benefits, which in turn affects their financial security, living situation, and mental and physical health (Whitbourne & Bookwala, 2015). Compounding the problem is the elimination of survivor benefits in many European Union countries, causing women to lose yet another source of retirement income.…”