Gemini and Bicephalous Surfactants: A Review on Their Synthesis, Micelle Formation, and Uses

Guerrero-Hernández, Lluvia; Meléndez‐Ortiz, H. Iván; Cortez-Mazatan, Gladis Y; Vaillant-Sánchez, Sandra; Peralta, René D.

doi:10.3390/ijms23031798

Cited by 26 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Micelles are ordered aggregates of molecules that begin to form in large numbers after the surfactant concentration reaches a certain value in an aqueous solution [ 78 ]. The micelles rely mainly on hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions for nucleic acid loading [ 79 ].…”

Section: Delivery Methods Of Crispr/cas9 System In Bone and Cartilage...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Genetic scissors” CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing cutting-edge biocarrier technology for bone and cartilage repair

Zhang

et al. 2023

Bioactive Materials

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Section: Delivery Methods Of Crispr/cas9 System In Bone and Cartilage...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Genetic scissors” CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing cutting-edge biocarrier technology for bone and cartilage repair

Zhang

et al. 2023

Bioactive Materials

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“…1−3 In aqueous solution, Gemini frequently undergoes self-assembly, forming a range of aggregates, including vesicles, reversed micelles, spherical, disc, and rod-like micelles depending on their composition, concentration, and environmental conditions. 4 Gemini have found numerous applications in the realms of medicine, petroleum, the environment, mining, machinery, textiles, and other industries due to their exceptional interfacial characteristics, unique tunable structure, and aggregation behavior.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Hydrocarbon Chain Length of Biodegradable Ester-Bonded Cationic Gemini Surfactants on Self-Assembly, In Vitro Gene Transfection, Cytotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Activity

Dahal,

Roy,

Dey

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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Gemini surfactants, due to their unique structural features and enhanced properties compared to conventional surfactants, are becoming more popular in the domain of colloid and interface science, drug delivery, and gene delivery science. This distinct class of surfactants forms a wide range of self-assembled aggregates depending on their chemical structure and environmental conditions. The present work aims to develop Gemini with three distinct chain lengths linked through the ester group and quaternary nitrogen head groups that can bind DNA molecules and ultimately serve as vectors for DNA transfection. Thus, we synthesized three distinct cationic Gemini with 12, 14, and 16 carbons in their tails and studied the effect of the hydrocarbon chain length on their physicochemical properties and biological applications. The self-assembly of these Geminis in aqueous solution was investigated by a number of techniques, including surface tension, electrical conductivity, fluorescence probe, calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. All three Gemini were extremely surface active and self-assembled above a very low critical micelle concentration. Calorimetric studies suggested the formation of thermodynamically favorable aggregates in an aqueous medium. Chain length dependence was observed in the size as well as the morphology of the aggregates. These Gemini ions were found to bind DNA strongly, as indicated by the high binding constant values. In vitro gene transfection studies using the RAW 264.7 cell line suggested that all three cationic Gemini had transfection efficiencies comparable to that of commercial standard turbofectamine. MTT assay was also performed for concentration selection while using these Gemini as transfection vectors. Overall, it was observed that Gemini had very little cytotoxicity within the investigated concentration range, highlighting the significance of the ester link within the structure. When compared with known antimicrobials such as kanamycin and ampicillin, all three Gemini furnished excellent antimicrobial activity in both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) microorganisms.

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“…Gemini VES is remarkably saltresponsive. This surfactant can self-assemble at low concentrations into a network structure similar to those of polymers via interactions with salt counterions, [21][22][23] which will be beneficial to improve the rheological properties of drilling fluids. During the drilling of a reservoir, the action of reservoir crude oil destroys the network structure of surfactant micelles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of a salt‐responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant for application to solids‐free drilling fluids

Deng

Sun

Ren

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In order to solve the problem of poor rheological properties of solid‐free drilling fluids in salt‐bearing formations and prevent drilling accidents such as lost circulation, formation collapse, and wellbore instability, it is crucial to develop a new type of viscosifier. In this study, a salt‐responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant (NT‐1) was synthesized by using erucamide as a hydrophobic chain and introducing a benzene ring and a carboxyl group into the linker. In addition, it is used as a viscosifier for solid‐free drilling fluids. The structure of the surfactant was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), and its physicochemical properties were determined by surface tensiometer, thermogravimetric‐differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic lighting scattering and rheometer. Its performance in solid‐free drilling fluids was evaluated according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The results show that the surfactant has a low critical micelle concentration (31.74 μmol/L), excellent thermal stability and water solubility. In particular, NT‐1 can self‐assemble into worm‐like micelles under the action of salt, and the spatial network structure formed by the interweaving of these micelles can endow the drilling fluid with good rheology and viscoelasticity. NT‐1 is compatible with conventional drilling fluid polymer additives, which can effectively improve solid‐free drilling fluids' rheological properties and fluid loss properties in salt layers. The temperature resistance in drilling fluid systems can reach 120°C. This work verifies the feasibility of using viscoelastic surfactants as viscosifiers in solid‐free drilling fluids and provides new ideas for developing salt‐responsive smart drilling fluids.

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Gemini and Bicephalous Surfactants: A Review on Their Synthesis, Micelle Formation, and Uses

Cited by 26 publications

References 151 publications

“Genetic scissors” CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing cutting-edge biocarrier technology for bone and cartilage repair

“Genetic scissors” CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing cutting-edge biocarrier technology for bone and cartilage repair

Impact of the Hydrocarbon Chain Length of Biodegradable Ester-Bonded Cationic Gemini Surfactants on Self-Assembly, In Vitro Gene Transfection, Cytotoxicity, and Antimicrobial Activity

Preparation of a salt‐responsive Gemini viscoelastic surfactant for application to solids‐free drilling fluids

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