GEM operation in double-phase xenon

Balau, F.; Solovov, V.; Chepel, V.; Pereira, A.; Lopes, I.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.08.017

Cited by 15 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It was also observed that the liquid temperature had a significant effect on gain -higher gains could be achieved at lower temperature [304,299], which is consistent with the vapor density considerations. An increase from 165 K to 171 K (from P eq ≈ 1.87 bar to P eq ≈ 2.6 bar) resulted in the decrease of G max from 150 to about 25.…”

Section: Electron Multiplication With Micro-pattern Structuressupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The GEM foil was placed 3 mm above the liquid surface and operated at vapor pressure of 1.4 bar. The voltage across the GEM (400 V) was well below the multiplication threshold (see Figure 25, right panel [299]). Normalized to 4π, the number of secondary photons produced in the GEM channels was a factor of ∼2 higher than in the uniform field between the liquid surface and the GEM.…”

Section: Optical Readout From Micro-pattern Structuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics

2013

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We review the current status of liquid noble gas radiation detectors with energy threshold in the keV range, which are of interest for direct dark matter searches, measurement of coherent neutrino scattering and other low energy particle physics experiments. Emphasis is given to the operation principles and the most important instrumentation aspects of these detectors, principally of those operated in the double-phase mode. Recent technological advances and relevant developments in photon detection and charge readout are discussed in the context of their applicability to those experiments.

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Section: Electron Multiplication With Micro-pattern Structuressupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Optical Readout From Micro-pattern Structuresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics

2013

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“…The proof of principle of this concept was demonstrated: -first in Kr [1], [19]; -then in Ar and Xe [22] and again in Xe [51]; -then in Ar in single electron counting mode with external trigger [52]; -then in Ar with primary scintillation signal readout using CsI photocathode on the first GEM [32];…”

Section: Two-phase Crad With Gem-multiplier Readoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

Buzulutskov

2012

J. Inst.

125

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Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) are referred to as a new class of noblegas detectors operated at cryogenic temperatures with electron avalanching performed directly in the detection medium, the latter being in gaseous, liquid or two-phase (liquid-gas) state. Electron avalanching is provided by Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) multipliers, in particular GEMs and THGEMs, operated at cryogenic temperatures in dense noble gases. The final goal for this kind of detectors is the development of large-volume detectors of ultimate sensitivity for rare-event experiments and medical applications, such as coherent neutrinonucleus scattering, direct dark matter search, astrophysical (solar and supernova) neutrino detection experiments and Positron Emission Tomography technique. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed.Earlier attempts to obtain high and stable electron avalanching directly in noble gases and liquids at cryogenic temperatures, using "open-geometry" gaseous multipliers, have not been very successful: rather low gains (≤10) were observed in liquid Xe [2],[3],[4] and Ar [2],[5] and low gains (≤100) in gaseous Ar [6] and He [7] at low temperatures, using wire, needle or microstrip proportional counters. Moreover, two-phase detectors with wire chamber readout, which initially seemed to solve the problem, turned out to have unstable operation in the avalanche mode due to vapour condensation on wire electrodes [8].The problem of electron avalanching in cryogenic noble-gas detectors has been solved [1] after introduction of Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs), namely those of hole-type: Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) [9] and thick GEMs (THGEMs) [10]. Contrary to wire chambers and other "open geometry" gaseous multipliers, cascaded GEM and THGEM structures have a unique ability to operate in dense noble gases at high gains [11], including at cryogenic temperatures and in the two-phase mode [12].Consequently at present, the basic idea of Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors in the narrow sense is that of the combination of MPGDs with cryogenic noble-gas detectors, operated in a gaseous, liquid or two-phase mode. We call such detectors "CRyogenic Avalanche Detectors" and suggest the following short-name for those -CRADs; it will be used throughout in the following. This review is the first attempt to summarize the results on CRAD performances obtained by different groups, presenting those in a systematic way. A brief overview of the available CRAD concepts is also given and the most remarkable CRAD physics effects are discussed. Cryogenic Avalanche Detector (CRAD) concepts: brief overviewThere are at least a dozen of different CRAD types developed by different groups over the past 8 years. In this chapter this variety is systemized: a brief overview of CRAD concepts is given, namely that of the basic CRAD concepts and CRAD concepts re...

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“…Over the past decade there has been a growing interest in cryogenic detectors with electron avalanching in Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6] and Thick Gas Electron Multipliers (THGEMs) [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], operating in noble gas media at low temperatures either in a two-phase [1], [3], [4], [5], [6], [8], [9], [10], [11] or gaseous [1], [2], [7] mode. Such detectors could play an important role in rare-event experiments, such as coherent neutrinonucleus scattering [12], dark matter search [13], solar neutrino [14] and large scale neutrino [15] detection, and in gamma-ray imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) [16], [17] and Compton Telescope [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the low-temperature performances of THGEM and THGEM/G-APD multipliers in gaseous and two-phase Xe¹

et al. 2011

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The performances of THGEM multipliers in two-phase Xe avalanche mode are presented for the first time. Additional results on THGEM operation in gaseous Xe at cryogenic temperatures are provided. Stable operation of a double-THGEM multiplier was demonstrated in two-phase Xe with gains reaching 600. These are compared to existing data, summarized here for two-phase Ar, Kr and Xe avalanche detectors incorporating GEM and THGEM multipliers. The optical readout of THGEMs with Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiodes (G-APDs) has been investigated in gaseous Xe at cryogenic temperature; avalanche scintillations were recorded in the Near Infrared (NIR) at wavelengths of up to 950 nm. At avalanche charge gain of 350, the double-THGEM/G-APD multiplier yielded 0.07 photoelectrons per initial ionization electron, corresponding to an avalanche scintillation yield of 0.7 NIR photons per avalanche electron over 4π. The results are compared with those of two-phase Ar avalanche detectors. The advantages, limitations and possible applications are discussed.

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GEM operation in double-phase xenon

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics

Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

On the low-temperature performances of THGEM and THGEM/G-APD multipliers in gaseous and two-phase Xe¹

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GEM operation in double-phase xenon

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics

Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics

Advances in Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors

On the low-temperature performances of THGEM and THGEM/G-APD multipliers in gaseous and two-phase Xe1

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On the low-temperature performances of THGEM and THGEM/G-APD multipliers in gaseous and two-phase Xe¹