“…Polymer gels consist of three-dimensional polymer networks swollen in a solvent. The application field is expanding, such as biomaterials, biosensors, drug delivery systems, templates for fabrication of nanostructures, soil modifiers, and adjuncts to shale gas extraction [1][2][3][4][5][6]. For the application of polymer gels, it is required to independently control their various physical properties: gelation, mechanical properties, swelling, degradation, and so on.…”
For the application of polymer gels, it is necessary to control independently and precisely their various physical properties. However, the heterogeneity of polymer gels hinders the precise control over the structure, as well as the verification of theories. To understand the structure-property relationship of polymer gels, many researchers have tried to develop a homogeneous model network. Most of the model networks were made from polymer melts that did not have a solvent and had many entanglements in the structure. Because the contribution of entanglements is much larger than that of chemical crosslinking, it was difficult to focus on the crosslinking structure, which is the structure considered in conventional theories. To overcome such a situation, we have developed a new model network system that contains much solvent. Specifically, we fabricated the polymer gel (Tetra-PEG gel) by mixing two types of solutions of tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (Tetra-PEG) with mutually reactive end groups (amine (-PA) and activated ester (-HS)). Because the existence of a solvent strongly reduces the effect of entanglements, the effect of the crosslinking structure on the physical properties can be extracted. In this review, we present the structure-property relationship of Tetra-PEG gel. First, we show the structural homogeneity of Tetra-PEG gels. Then, we explain gelation reaction, elastic modulus, fracture energy and kinetics of swelling and shrinking of Tetra-PEG gels by comparing the theories and experimental results.
“…Polymer gels consist of three-dimensional polymer networks swollen in a solvent. The application field is expanding, such as biomaterials, biosensors, drug delivery systems, templates for fabrication of nanostructures, soil modifiers, and adjuncts to shale gas extraction [1][2][3][4][5][6]. For the application of polymer gels, it is required to independently control their various physical properties: gelation, mechanical properties, swelling, degradation, and so on.…”
For the application of polymer gels, it is necessary to control independently and precisely their various physical properties. However, the heterogeneity of polymer gels hinders the precise control over the structure, as well as the verification of theories. To understand the structure-property relationship of polymer gels, many researchers have tried to develop a homogeneous model network. Most of the model networks were made from polymer melts that did not have a solvent and had many entanglements in the structure. Because the contribution of entanglements is much larger than that of chemical crosslinking, it was difficult to focus on the crosslinking structure, which is the structure considered in conventional theories. To overcome such a situation, we have developed a new model network system that contains much solvent. Specifically, we fabricated the polymer gel (Tetra-PEG gel) by mixing two types of solutions of tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (Tetra-PEG) with mutually reactive end groups (amine (-PA) and activated ester (-HS)). Because the existence of a solvent strongly reduces the effect of entanglements, the effect of the crosslinking structure on the physical properties can be extracted. In this review, we present the structure-property relationship of Tetra-PEG gel. First, we show the structural homogeneity of Tetra-PEG gels. Then, we explain gelation reaction, elastic modulus, fracture energy and kinetics of swelling and shrinking of Tetra-PEG gels by comparing the theories and experimental results.
“…Previous studies have also reported that the adhesion of CaP coating using the biomimetic method is poor [ 37 ] and is strongly affected by the ionic strength of the solution [ [ 11 , 12 ]]. Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 scaffolds are widely considered the best option for bone grafts because they closely mimic the bone tissue and are biocompatible [ [ 13 , 25 ]]. CaP is an essential compound found in living organisms, and it participates in several key biological processes.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 scaffolds were prepared by combining gelcasting and foaming techniques under a non-controlled atmosphere [ 25 ]. A ceramic suspension of 40 vol% Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 powders and 30 vol% organic hydroxymethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, and methylenobisacrylamide (3:3:1 M ratio), was dispersed in ammonium polymethacrylate and deagglomerated using the conventional ball milling method, with ball-to-powder mass ratio of 3:1.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 scaffolds were treated with 5 M H 3 PO 4 solution in a thermostatic bath and incubated at 90 °C for 4 days [ [ 11 , 15 , 25 ]]. Next, the scaffolds were biomimetically coated with CaP [ 12 ], according to the procedure described by Barrere [ 12 ], wherein the ionic content of simulated body fluid (SBF) was 5 times greater than that of original.…”
“…There are three main types of binders employed in the production of macroporous ceramics. Polymeric binders are previously dissolved in water and restrain particles' movement through gelation chemical reactions (sodium alginate [22,23], chitosan [8], carboxymethyl cellulose [24]) or adsorption and precipitation after drying (poly(vinyl alcohol) [25], starch [26]). The hydraulic ones [19,21] are oxide-based particles (calcium aluminate cement, CAC, hydratable alumina, HA, Sorel cement, SC) that react with water and form partially soluble hydrates.…”
Section: Binders For Microporous Castable Ceramics: General Aspectsmentioning
Colloidal silica (CS) is a promising raw material for refractory castable ceramics. It consists of stable suspensions of synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles that behave simultaneously as liquid medium and binder for ceramic particles and as a porogenic agent and highly reactive source of silica to promote in-situ reactions. The setting mechanism of CS balances two opposite effects. Adding more CS to a suspension increases the bonding potential for gelling reactions and strengthening; on the other hand, it also introduces more water into the system, enhancing pore content. Such effects can be advantageously employed in the preparation of porous structures from aqueous suspensions and applied as high-temperature thermal insulators. The present study addresses the production of porous structures of in-situ mullite attained from aqueous suspensions of highly porous transition alumina particles bonded with colloidal silica. Different grades of CS and transition aluminas were combined to present suitable workability (flowability and gelling time) and to generate stoichiometric mullite or mullite-alumina porous structures after sintering.
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