Gel-based strain/pressure sensors for underwater sensing: Sensing mechanisms, design strategies and applications

Zhou, Xun; Zhao, Xiaohan; Wang, Yanyan; Wang, Puying; Jiang, Xinyu; Song, Zhaohui; Ding, Junjie; Liu, Guijing; Li, Xiao; Sun, Wenzhi; Xu, Wenlong

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2023.110631

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…Piezoelectric pressure sensors can be used to ensure the safe operation of logistics equipment for a wide range of underwater applications, operating depth gauges, or diving watches, estimating the depth of diving, safe ascent and descent, tsunami wave detection, underwater motion monitoring, marine environmental exploration, etc. , Since water density and gravity remain constant in most environments, underwater pressure can be directly related to submersion depth. Therefore, the immersion depth can be obtained by measuring the electric power generated as a result of applying pressure to the piezoelectric material used in the self-powered sensor .…”

Section: Self-powered Physical/biophysical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Bio-inspired Self-Powered Wireless Sensors: Materials, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

Farzin,

Naghib,

Rabiee

2024

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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The rapid maturation of smart city ecosystems is intimately linked to advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) and self-powered sensing technologies. Central to this evolution are battery-less sensors that are critical for applications such as continuous health monitoring through blood metabolites and vital signs, the recognition of human activity for behavioral analysis, and the operational enhancement of humanoid robots. The focus on biosensors that exploit the human body for energy-spanning wearable, attachable, and implantable variants has intensified, driven by their broad applicability in areas from underwater exploration to biomedical assays and earthquake monitoring. The heart of these sensors lies in their diverse energy harvesting mechanisms, including biofuel cells, and piezoelectric, triboelectric, and pyroelectric nanogenerators. Notwithstanding the wealth of research, the literature still lacks a holistic review that integrates the design challenges and implementation intricacies of such sensors. Our review seeks to fill this gap by thoroughly evaluating energy harvesting strategies from both material and structural perspectives and assessing their roles in powering an array of sensors for myriad uses. This exploration offers a comprehensive outlook on the state of self-powered sensing devices, tackling the nuances of their deployment and highlighting their potential to revolutionize data gathering in autonomous systems. The intent of this review is to chart the current landscape and future prospects, providing a pivotal reference point for ongoing research and innovation in selfpowered wireless sensing technologies.

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Section: Self-powered Physical/biophysical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Bio-inspired Self-Powered Wireless Sensors: Materials, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

Farzin,

Naghib,

Rabiee

2024

ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.

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“…In contrast, compressing provides a shorter and wider ion transport path, resulting in a temporary reduction in resistance. [49] The relative resistance changes (ΔR/R 0 ) of the RF/PAA DN gel under tensile strain were tested and calculated (Figure 4b). We calculated the gauge factor (GF) by linear fitting the curve of ΔR/R 0 versus strain.…”

Section: Strain Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tough and Stretchable Phenolic‐Reinforced Double Network Deep Eutectic Solvent gels for Multifunctional Sensors with Environmental Adaptability

Fan

Pan

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Conductive gels are perfect for various sensor applications due to their inherent stretchability, flexibility, and electrical conductivity. However, their poor environmental adaptability and low fracture toughness restrict their potential applications. In this study, resorcinol‐formaldehyde resin (RF) is used for the first time as a rigid network compounded with a flexible polyacrylic acid (PAA) network to successfully prepare a double network (DN) deep eutectic solvent gel (RF/PAA DN gel). The gel has high stress strength (1.04 MPa), compressive strength (10.63 MPa), and toughness (1.07 MJ m−3). The addition of RF significantly improves the mechanical properties and gives the RF/PAA DN gel certain photothermal effects, swelling resistance, and flame retardancy, broadening the scope of use and application of the gel. Importantly, as a multifunctional sensor, it can combine deformation sensing, temperature sensing, optical sensing, humidity sensing, and underwater sensing into one, with a wide range of stimuli responses and excellent sensing properties. Excellent environmental suitability also allows its use in a wide range of temperatures (−20−90 °C), humidity (55%−90% RH), underwater, and in fire conditions. The work provides new ideas for choosing rigid networks and a novel strategy for developing multifunctional sensors with excellent performance in complex environments.

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“…As humans continue to explore underwater environments, underwater flexible sensors become more and more important for underwater exploration and detection. [1][2][3][4] As such, underwater flexible sensors play a vital role in the exploration and survey of underwater environments by detecting various signals from both anthropogenic and natural environmental sources, then converting them into electrical signals in order to ascertain various sources of underwater information. [5][6][7] Flexible pressure sensors have attracted considerable attention in recent years and have made considerable progress in terrestrial applications; [8][9][10] however, due to the huge difference between underwater and terrestrial environments, these sensors are susceptible to corrosion and degradation from various underwater environments, which have irreversible effects on sensor performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightweight, superhydrophobic, lignin-based polyurethane foam composites for underwater pressure sensing

Zhao,

Ma,

et al. 2024

J. Mater. Chem. C

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Gel-based strain/pressure sensors for underwater sensing: Sensing mechanisms, design strategies and applications

Cited by 40 publications

References 103 publications

Advancements in Bio-inspired Self-Powered Wireless Sensors: Materials, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

Advancements in Bio-inspired Self-Powered Wireless Sensors: Materials, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

Tough and Stretchable Phenolic‐Reinforced Double Network Deep Eutectic Solvent gels for Multifunctional Sensors with Environmental Adaptability

Lightweight, superhydrophobic, lignin-based polyurethane foam composites for underwater pressure sensing

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