Ge extraction from gasification fly ash

Font, Oriol; Querol, Xavier; López-Soler, A.; Chimenos, J.M.; Fernández, A. Inés; Burgos, Silvia; Peña, Francisco García

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.041

Cited by 82 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This speciation, together with the relatively high Ge contents in the fly ash of the Puertollano IGCC facility (200-420 mg/kg) [12] allowed the development of a water extraction process for this element [13]. This study demonstrated that high Ge extraction yields (up to 84%) can be achieved using pure water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…An exhaustive characterization of IGCC fly ash has been published elsewhere [12] and the main chemical characteristics of this fly ash are summarized in Table 1. The optimal Ge extraction conditions (90 • C, water/fly ash ratio (W/FA) = 5 L/kg), 6 h, mechanical stirring, 500 rpm) from Puertollano IGCC fly ash prompted by Font et al [13] were selected. Applying these extraction conditions on the IGCC fly ash used in this study, relatively high Ge extraction yields (68%) can be achieved.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Font et al [12,13], in Puertollano IGCC fly ash, Ge occurs in high proportions as high water soluble hexagonal-GeO 2 and relatively high water soluble Ge sulphides. The hydrolysis of this species by water leaching of IGCC fly ash generates Ge tetrahydroxide (Ge(OH) 4 ) in the leachates.…”

Section: Ligandmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ion flotation of germanium from fly ash aqueous leachates

Hernández-Expósito

Chimenos

Fernández

et al. 2006

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ion flotation of germanium from fly ash aqueous leachates

Hernández-Expósito

Chimenos

Fernández

et al. 2006

Chemical Engineering Journal

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“…Data are mostly based on US Geological Survey commodity reports [45][46][47][48][49][50] and minerals yearbook [51]. Information is complemented from other sources: for iron ores [52], for rare Earth metals [53][54][55], for aluminium [56,57], for copper [58,59], for germanium [60,61], for nickel [62][63][64][65][66] and for PGMs [67].…”

Section: Ordinary Versus Critical Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material efficiency: rare and critical metals

Ayres

Peiró

2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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In the last few decades, progress in electronics, especially, has resulted in important new uses for a number of geologically rare metals, some of which were mere curiosities in the past. Most of them are not mined for their own sake (gold, the platinum group metals and the rare Earth elements are exceptions) but are found mainly in the ores of the major industrial metals, such as aluminium, copper, zinc and nickel. We call these major metals ‘attractors’ and the rare accompanying metals ‘hitch-hikers’. The key implication is that rising prices do not necessarily call forth greater output because that would normally require greater output of the attractor metal. We trace the geological relationships and the functional uses of these metals. Some of these metals appear to be irreplaceable in the sense that there are no known substitutes for them in their current functional uses. Recycling is going to be increasingly important, notwithstanding a number of barriers.

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“…Nevertheless, due to the uses for germanium in new and high technological industrial applications, germanium metal and oxide have increased in price (1800 $/kg of germanium metal in September 2013) [2], and alternative sources such as combustion [3] and gasification [4] coal fly ashes. When the coal is gasified under proper conditions the fly ash (FA) can reach germanium contents ten times higher than the germanium content in the original coal [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration Plant Equipment Design and Scale-Up from Pilot Plant of a Leaching and Solvent Extraction Process

2015

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Germanium recovery from coal fly ash by hydrometallurgical procedures was studied at the pilot scale (5 kg of fly ash/h). Results were used to design the equipment of a demonstration-sized plant (200 kg of fly ash/h). The process is based on hydrometallurgical operations: firstly a germanium extraction from fly ash by leaching and a consequent Ge separation from the other elements present in the solution by solvent extraction procedures. Based on the experimental results, mass balances and McCabe-Thiele diagrams were applied to determine the number of steps of the solvent extraction stage. Different arrangements have been studied and a countercurrent process with three steps in extraction and six steps in elution was defined. A residence time of 5 min was fixed in both the extraction and elution stages. Volumetric ratios in extraction and stripping were: aqueous phase/organic phase = 5 and organic phase/stripping phase = 5, so a concentration factor of 25 is achieved. Mixers and decanters were completely defined. The maximum extracted and eluted germanium was estimated and a global efficiency of 94% was achieved. The cost-effectiveness of the equipment was estimated using the Lang factors.

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Ge extraction from gasification fly ash

Cited by 82 publications

References 7 publications

Ion flotation of germanium from fly ash aqueous leachates

Ion flotation of germanium from fly ash aqueous leachates

Material efficiency: rare and critical metals

Demonstration Plant Equipment Design and Scale-Up from Pilot Plant of a Leaching and Solvent Extraction Process

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