GDF‐15: Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic significance in glioblastoma multiforme

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the commonest primary malignant brain tumor and has a remarkably weak prognosis. According to the aggressive form of GBM, understanding the accurate molecular mechanism associated with GBM pathogenesis is essential. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15) belongs to transforming growth factor‐β superfamily with important roles to control biological processes. It affects cancer growth and progression, drug resistance, and metastasis. It also can promote stemness in many cancers, and also can stress reactions control, bone generation, hematopoietic growth, adipose tissue performance, and body growth, and contributes to cardiovascular disorders. The role GDF‐15 to develop and progress cancer is complicated and remains unclear. GDF‐15 possesses tumor suppressor properties, as well as an oncogenic effect. GDF‐15 antitumorigenic and protumorigenic impacts on tumor development are linked to the cancer type and stage. However, the GDF‐15 signaling and mechanism have not yet been completely identified because of no recognized cognate receptor.

Integrated clustering signature of genomic heterogeneity, stemness and tumor microenvironment predicts glioma prognosis and immunotherapy response

“…Studies have shown that RAB42 can promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells [ 43 , 44 ]. And in addition to these functions, GDF15 can regulate immune infiltration of glioma and promote stem cell-like phenotype [ 45 , 46 ]. However, the role of SH2D4A in glioma remains unclear.…”

Role and Mechanism of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Chronic Kidney Disease

“…35,48 On the other hand, GDF-15 regulates the tumor microenvironment and promotes the proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells in the progression of cancers, such as breast cancer, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer. 40,[49][50][51][52] In addition, studies suggest that GDF-15 increases rapidly with the occurrence of myocardial ischemia or reperfusion injury to reduce myocardial injury, inhibit inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and combat atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. 53,54 GDF-15 regulates smooth muscle cells and inhibits vascular remodeling to maintain vascular health, especially in hypertensive diseases.…”

The Basis and Advances in Clinical Application of Cytomegalovirus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cell Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme

“…Glioblastoma multiforme (GB), also known as WHO‐grade IV glioma, is the most prevalent and lethal primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), with a dismal prognosis despite substantial breakthroughs in disease treatment and the introduction of multimodal strategies combining surgery and chemoradiation ( 1 – 3 ). The limited efficacy of current therapeutic schemes is a cause of concern in the therapy of patients.…”