GCMS Profile of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites with Therapeutic Potential in the Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica¬: A Sacred Traditional Medicinal Plant of INDIA

Abstract

Neem (Azadirachta indica) a member of Meliaceae plays an immense role in human health and disease which is attributed to its composition of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites (BASM). It has been widely used in Indian Traditional Systems of Medicine that includes Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy and other Folklore Systems of Medicine practiced in the Indian Subcontinent for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Current global health perspectives and medical practice in the post COVID era has no other way but to seek to merge alternative systems of medicine with evidence-based therapeutic aspects for a better understanding of the metabolic process and its effects in the human body. The studies based on animal model established that neem and its chief constituents play pivotal role in anticancer management through the modulation of various molecular pathways including p53, pTEN, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2, and VEGF. Besides, NEEM plays a vital role in the management of diabetics and its associated long term complication through ROS scavenging and ameliorative potentials to restore oxidative injury/ inhibit enzymes linked to. Overall NEEM is considered as GRAS medicinal plant that modulates metabolic inflammations without side effects. Though it has been confirmed that neem and its constituents play role in the scavenging of free radical and prevention of disease pathogenesis, a clear scientific basis of its pharmacoinformatics is still lacking. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis of the fractions revealed the presence of 62 metabolites.
 Keywords: Azadirachta indica; NEEM; GCMS; Bioactive Secondary Metabolites; GRAS; Medicinal Plants

Profile of bioactive compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis

“…furthermore, biological activities exhibited by phenolic acids in There are numerous epidemiological and experimental evidences present describing the protective role of phenolic acids in degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes, inflammation and many more 9 . The ability of plant secondary metabolites depends on the bioavailability which accounts for the proportion of their absorption, digestion, and metabolism after entering in the circulation system [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] .…”

In-silico ADMET profile of Ellagic Acid from Syzygium cumini: A Natural Biaryl Polyphenol with Therapeutic Potential to Overcome Diabetic Associated Vascular Complications

“…Leaf samples of S. cumini, were collected from Alagarkovil Reserve Forest (longitude/ latitude geographical coordinates 10.0748° N, 78.2131° E, Eastern Ghats) Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India. Phyto-components were identified using GC-MS detection system as described previously 26 , however with modification, whereby portion of the extract was analysed directly by headspace sampling. GC-MS analysis was accomplished using an Agilent 7890A GC system set up with 5975C VL MSD (Agilent Technologies, CA, and USA).…”

In-silico ADMET predicated Pharmacoinformatics of Quercetin-3-Galactoside, polyphenolic compound from Azadirachta indica, a sacred tree from Hill Temple in Alagarkovil Reserve Forest, Eastern Ghats, INDIA

“…The ion source temperature and quadruple temperature were set at 230°C and 150°C, respectively. Identification of phyto-components was performed by comparison of their retention times and mass with those of authentic standards spectra using computer searches in NIST 08.L and Wiley 7n.l libraries 3,33 .…”

“…Swiss Target Prediction towards Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, Heat shock protein (HSP 90-alpha), Kappa Opioid receptor, Mu opioid receptor, Delta opioid receptor, Thrombin, Squalene synthetase, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha, Protein kinase C alpha, Apoptosis regulator Bcl-X, HMG-CoA reductase, Zinc finger protein GLI1, Proto-oncogene c-JUN, Vanilloid receptor for the compound has been provided in Table 4. Chemical and biological investigations on Azadirachta indica bioactive compounds indicates that the compound is safe for use as a drug molecule 3,[72][73][74] .…”

“…Azadirachta indica A. Juss commonly known as Neem belongs to the family Meliaceae [1][2][3] . Popular as natural store-house of phyto-drugs it has been exploited for its medicinal properties since the dawn of civilization 4,5 .…”