GC–MS comparison of the behavior of chlorine and sodium hypochlorite towards organic compounds dissolved in water

Lebedev, A. T.; Shaydullina, Gulnara M.; Sinikova, N. A.; Harchevnikova, Nina V.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.007

Cited by 40 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…We exclude a significant contribution of signals derived from chlorinated compounds in the aliphatic and aromatic region (Hanna et al 1991;Rajan et al 1996). Chlorination by NaOCl decreases with pH, being maximal close to pH 2, whereas we conducted the NaOCl treatment at pH 8 (Lebedev et al 2004). Given the poorly resolved signals derived from aromatic C, the high atomic H/C ratios and the fact that particulate black carbon was never observed by visual inspection, we infer that combusted materials were not important components of the chemically resistant OM in the studied subsoil horizons.…”

Section: Cross-polarization Magic-angle Spinning Carbon-13 Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter: Association with Minerals or Chemical Recalcitrance?

et al. 2006

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Soil organic matter (OM) can be stabilized against decomposition by association with minerals, by its inherent recalcitrance and by occlusion in aggregates. However, the relative contribution of these factors to OM stabilization is yet unknown. We analyzed pool size and isotopic composition ( 14 C, 13 C) of mineral-protected and recalcitrant OM in 12 subsurface horizons from 10 acidic forest soils. The results were related to properties of the mineral phase and to OM composition as revealed by CPMAS 13 C-NMR and CuO oxidation. Stable OM was defined as that material which survived treatment of soils with 6 wt% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Mineral-protected OM was extracted by subsequent dissolution of minerals by 10% hydrofluoric acid (HF). Organic matter resistant against NaOCl and insoluble in HF was considered as recalcitrant OM. Hypochlorite removed primarily 14 C-modern OM. Of the stable organic carbon (OC), amounting to 2.4-20.6 g kg À1 soil, mineral dissolution released on average 73%. Poorly crystalline Fe and Al phases (Fe o , Al o ) and crystalline Fe oxides (Fe dÀo ) explained 86% of the variability of mineral-protected OC. Atomic C p /(Fe+Al) p ratios of 1.3-6.5 suggest that a portion of stable OM was associated with polymeric Fe and Al species. Recalcitrant OC (0.4-6.5 g kg À1 soil) contributed on average 27% to stable OC and the amount was not correlated with any mineralogical property. Recalcitrant OC had lower D 14 C and d 13 C values than mineral-protected OC and was mainly composed of aliphatic (56%) and O-alkyl (13%) C moieties. Lignin phenols were only present in small amounts in either mineral-protected or recalcitrant OM (mean 4.3 and 0.2 g kg À1 OC). The results confirm that stabilization of OM by interaction with poorly crystalline minerals and polymeric metal species is the most important mechanism for preservation of OM in these acid subsoil horizons.Abbreviations: CPMAS 13 C-NMR -cross-polarization magic-angle spinning 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; FR -fluoride reactivity; OC -organic C; OM -organic matter; MOC and MN -mineral-protected organic C and N; ROC and RN -chemically resistant (recalcitrant) organic C and N; SSA -specific surface area; XRD -x-ray diffraction; TEM -transmission electron microscopy

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Section: Cross-polarization Magic-angle Spinning Carbon-13 Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter: Association with Minerals or Chemical Recalcitrance?

et al. 2006

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“…The mentioned species react with organic compounds by addition, substitution or oxidation (Boyce and Horning 1983). Moreover according to ab initio calculations a complex of hydroxonium ion with HOCl molecule is a reactive particle in the reaction of aqueous chlorination (Lebedev et al 2004).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, to study the mechanisms of these reactions model organic compounds representing structural fragments of humic acids have been used (Rook 1977;Yamamoto et al 1979). Some processes realized upon aqueous chlorination of various model compounds have been reported by our laboratory (Tretyakova et al 1994;Lebedev et al 1997Lebedev et al , 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction of ortho-methoxybenzoic acid with the water disinfecting agents ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite

2005

Self Cite

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Ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite are commonly used as disinfecting agents for drinking water production. The reaction pathways of ozonation and chlorination of o-methoxybenzoic acid in aqueous solution were studied using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results show that less than 1% of omethoxybenzoic acid remains in reaction. The final major products using ozone oxidation are oxalic and glyoxalic acids. Phenols appear only at insufficient ozone levels. Sodium hypochlorite leads to higher levels of primary products. Molecular chlorine leads to the formation of higher amounts of polychlorinated derivatives. Model experiments allow to propose schemes of o-methoxybenzoic acid transformation under the conditions simulating water treatment processes.

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“…Another group of compounds such as triclosan, guanidines, and oxygen/halogen generators' compounds, are fat soluble and cross easily cell-membranes (European Commission 2004). In addition, two trihalomethanes were tracked from the presence of humic acid in chlorination processes like disinfection (Chu et al 2002;Lebedev et al 2004;Nikolaou et al 2004). This added a total of 14 compounds to the list of potentially present pollutants in all FIW.…”

Section: Compounds Originating From Cleaning Of Production Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as an example, it is well-known that orange peels, peas and beans pods, as well as animal and vegetable fats may contain a range of different XOC such as pesticides and organochlorine chemicals (Andersson and Jansson 2005;Ankarberg et al 2004;Danish Veterinary andFood Administration 2001, 2005a, b;Knupp et al 1996). Another factor contributing to the potential presence of XOC is the chemicals used in the cleaning of the production lines (European Commission 2004;Lassen et al 2001;Lebedev et al 2004;Nikolaou et al 2004;Poel and Bakker 2002). Furthermore, the (Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and Environmental Agency UK 2002) suggests that wastewater effluents from the food-processing industry may contain some compounds that have an adverse effect on treatment plants or receiving waters, such as pesticides residues, and/or residues and by-products from the use of chemical disinfection techniques and cleaning products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Analysis and Hazard Screening of Xenobiotic Organic Compounds in Wastewater from Food-Processing Industries

Maya-Altamira

Eriksson

Baun

2008

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

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In this study we present and apply a methodology for identifying environmentally hazardous compounds in food industry wastewaters (FIW). The methodology comprises a source analysis and a hazard screening of xenobiotic organic compounds based on environmental distribution, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity in aqueous and solid phases. This approach was applied to four selected FIW representing fish, pork meat, and vegetable production. Included in this approach was an analytical-chemical screening of 137 xenobiotic organic compounds showing that 13 compounds and groups of compounds could be detected in the FIW composite samples. The combined source analysis revealed that 161 xenobiotic organic compounds could potentially be present in these four FIW. The main sources were raw materials and their processing, but also packaging and cleaning of the production facility contributed to the total number of compounds potentially present. Using the hazard screening procedure it was found that 29 and 102 compounds should be considered for further hazard assessment in the aqueous and solid phases, respectively. It is important to note that 12% of the 161 compounds could not be evaluated for environmental hazards due to lack of inherent data on degradability, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. Furthermore, for 91% of the compounds no information was found on anaerobic biodegradability. The presented procedure contributes with a systematic source analysis and a ranking of the xenobiotic organic compounds that could cause environmental concern. In this way the procedure can provide guidance to operators and decision makers on handling options for wastewater streams in food processing industries.

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GC–MS comparison of the behavior of chlorine and sodium hypochlorite towards organic compounds dissolved in water

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter: Association with Minerals or Chemical Recalcitrance?

Stabilization of Soil Organic Matter: Association with Minerals or Chemical Recalcitrance?

Reaction of ortho-methoxybenzoic acid with the water disinfecting agents ozone, chlorine and sodium hypochlorite

Source Analysis and Hazard Screening of Xenobiotic Organic Compounds in Wastewater from Food-Processing Industries

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