GC–MS based untargeted metabolomics reveals the metabolic response of earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) after chronic combinatorial exposure to three different pesticides

Abstract

In this study GC–MS-based untargeted metabolomics was used to identify the metabolic response of earthworm; Eudriluseugeniae exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos-CHL, cypermethrin-CYP, Glyphosate-GLY, and Combined-C (all three pesticides) at the concentrations of 3, 6, and 12 mg/kg. Principal component analysis of the obtained datasets revealed a clear distinction between the control and treatment groups. The mean weight of the worms in the treated groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Among the identified metabolites, oleic acid (~ 93.47%), lysine (~ 92.20%), glutamic acid (~ 91.81%), leucine (~ 90.20%), asparagine (~ 94.20%), methionine (~ 92.27%), malic acid (~ 93.37%), turanose (~ 95.04%), maltose (~ 92.36%), cholesta-3,5-diene (~ 86.11%), galactose (~ 93.20%), cholesterol (~ 91.56%), tocopherol (~ 85.09%), decreased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas myoinositol (~ 83%) and isoleucine (78.09%) increased significantly (p < 0.05) upon exposure to the CHL, CYP, GLY, and C. Overall, the findings suggest that earthworms might be a new entry point for the pesticides into the food chain. The present study highlights that metabolomics can be a reliable approach to understand the effect of different xenobiotics including pesticides on the metabolic response of earthworms.

Changes in Metabolomic Profiles Induced by Switching from an Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent to a Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor in Hemodialysis Patients: A Pilot Study

“…Next, the samples were oximated by resuspending the lyophilizate in 80 μL of methoxyamine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Tokyo, Japan) dissolved at 20 mg/mL in pyridine, sonicating for 20 min, and shaking for 90 min at 1200 rpm and 30 °C. Methoxyamine hydrochloride is a reagent for preparation of O-methyl oximes [ 47 ]. The samples then were derivatized by adding 40 μL of N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA; GL Sciences, Tokyo, Japan), mixing for 30 min at 1200 rpm and 37 °C, and centrifuging (3 min, 4 °C, 16,000× g ).…”