GC-MS-based metabolomics, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory investigations to characterize the quality of essential oil obtained from dried Xylopia aethiopica fruits from Ghana and Nigeria

Abstract

Objectives This study sought to determine the quality of essential oil from Xylopia aethiopica fruits of different geographical origins using GC‐MS‐based metabolomics, bacterial quorum sensing and anti‐inflammation assessment. Methods Essential oil was obtained from eight batches of X. aethiopica fruits from Ghana and Nigeria by hydrodistillation, characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and differences therein found using metabolomics. The respective antibacterial activity of the oils was tested against four bacterial strains: two Gram‐positive strains, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC12759), and two Gram‐negative strains, Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883). Anti‐inflammation was tested using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Key findings The outcome of the study revealed that the oil of the Ghana‐sourced samples exhibited superior antibacterial, cytotoxic and anti‐inflammatory effects than those from Nigeria. This could be attributed to the higher levels of the bioactive compounds present in those samples. This distinction between the samples from the two countries was clearly established using the metabolomics approach, and 14 differential metabolites were found to be potential chemical markers. Conclusions The study lends credence to the traditional uses of the essential oil of X. aethiopica as an antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory agent.

Diversity of Essential Oil‐Secretory Cells and Oil Composition in Flowers and Buds of Magnolia sirindhorniae and Its Biological Activities

“…Therefore, the combination of terpenoids and benzenoid class of volatiles attributes pleasant floral olfaction in the extracted oils. These components serve many functions in plants as an attractant of pollinators [42,43] . Many terpenes are a source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents [44,45] .…”

“…In each well, the final volume was made up with broth containing 0.1 % ( v/v ) Tween 20. Subsequently, in each well 10 μL of bacterial suspensions (12×10 8 CFU mL −1 ) were added and incubated at 37 °C for the duration of 16–24 h. After incubation OD was taken at 600 nm [42] . For confirmation, 10 μL aliquot of 1 mg mL −1 iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) was added to each well.…”

“…These components serve many functions in plants as an attractant of pollinators. [42,43] Many terpenes are a source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. [44,45] Similarly, various phenolic compounds are responsible for the defense against pathogens, minimizing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, and showed potent antioxidant, antimicrobial activities.…”

Essential Oils of Aromatic Plant Species from the Atlantic Rainforest Exhibit Extensive Chemical Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity

“…In two commercial cultivars of lavender and lavandin, the chemical characterization revealed 50 compounds in the EOs [ 16 ]. Fruits from the native African Xylopia aethiopica produced EOs with 14 identified metabolites in GC-MS analyses [ 17 ]. Employing high-speed countercurrent GC, 15 compounds were identified in the EOs from the rainforest native Piper mollicomum [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Antimicrobial activity of Xylopia pancheri Baill. Leaf extract against susceptible and resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…(Alolga, Chávez Le on, Osei-Adjei, & Onoja, 2019;Freiesleben, Soelberg, & Jäger, 2015). Herein, antimicrobial activity of cyclohexane leaf extract of X. pancheri was investigated against resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.…”