GC–MS analysis and anti–microbial activity of Prunella vulgaris L. extracts

Prunella vulgaris L.: An Updated Overview of Botany, Chemical Composition, Extraction Methods, and Biological Activities

“…Various extraction methods have been used for PV extraction. Aqueous [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], methanol [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], ethanol [ 26 , 27 , 28 ], hexane, and ethyl acetate [ 29 ] PV extracts are obtained by traditional methods such as heating, boiling, or refluxing ( Table 1 ). However, the disadvantage of these methods is the loss of flavonoids due to hydrolysis, oxidation, and ionization during extraction, as well as a long extraction time.…”

“…The authors Isolated two new compounds from the PV seeds extraction, i.e., amolsamic acid A and B, using methanol and found that the main components are rosmarinic and caffeic acids [ 29 ]. Another paper [ 40 ] published conflicting data on the presence of rosmarinic acid in the methanolic extract of PV seeds.…”

“…Two new compounds, i.e., 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde (15.7%) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (15.56%), were found in the methanol extract. The hexane extract contained mostly linolenic acid (45.50%), palmitic acid (16.13%), linoleic acid (15.81%), ethyl acetate linoleic acid (14.32%), and palmitic acid (6.21%) [ 29 ].…”

“…Table 3 presents new references on antibacterial activity [ 19 , 29 , 63 ]. According to the literature data, the methanol extract of PV has a pronounced antibacterial effect and inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria in vitro [ 8 ].…”

“…In a recent study, [ 29 ] the authors have evaluated the antibacterial activity of methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of PV against Bacillus cereus , Clostridium perfringens , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pyogenes , Salmonella typhimurium , Escherichia coli , Serratia marcescens , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteus vulgaris , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The methanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus , hexane against Salmonella typhimurium , and ethyl acetate against Streptococcus pyogenes .…”