GC Analyses of Salvia Seeds as Valuable Essential Oil Source

Abstract

The essential oils of seeds of Salvia verbenaca, Salvia officinalis, and Salvia sclarea were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. The oil yields (w/w) were 0.050, 0.047, and 0.045% in S. verbenaca, S. sclarea, and S. officinalis, respectively. Seventy-five compounds were identified. The essential oil composition of S. verbenaca seeds showed that over 57% of the detected compounds were oxygenated monoterpenes followed by sesquiterpenes (24.04%) and labdane type diterpenes (5.61%). The main essential oil constituents were camphor (38.94%), caryophyllene oxide (7.28%), and 13-epi-manool (5.61%), while those of essential oil of S. officinalis were -thujone (14.77%), camphor (13.08%), and 1,8-cineole (6.66%). In samples of S. sclarea, essential oil consists mainly of linalool (24.25%), -thujene (7.48%), linalyl acetate (6.90%), germacrene-D (5.88%), bicyclogermacrene (4.29%), and -copaene (4.08%). This variability leads to a large range of naturally occurring volatile compounds with valuable industrial and pharmaceutical outlets.

Composition of the Essential Oil of Salvia ballotiflora (Lamiaceae) and Its Insecticidal Activity

“…Essential oil of Salvia aethiopi and Salvia nemorosa also contained high concentrations of β-caryophyllene (24.8% and 19.03% for each plant) [17]. In the essential oil from Salvia verbenaca , caryophyllene oxide was the main component with 7.28% [20]. According Liu et al For Salvia umbratica , had a caryophyllene oxide concentration of 8.42% [12].…”

Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Salvia verbenaca L.: A Comprehensive Review

“…The terpenoids contained in the essential oils of S. verbenaca L. mostly consist of α -pinene, β -pinene, sabinene, 1,8-cineole, β -phellandrene, linalool, p-cymene, linalyl acetate, E- β -ocimene, (Z)- β -ocimene, tricyclene, camphor, 1,10-di-epi-cubenol, epi-13-manool, cis-muurola-3,5-diene, δ -selinene, trans -sabinene hydrate acetate, β -caryophyllene, viridiflorol, and germacrene D [ 31 – 33 ] ( Table 1 , Figure 2 ).…”

“…Oxygenated monoterpenes controlled the production and emission of flowering components, including preflowering buds, fully grown flowers, and petals. Also, Taârit et al [ 33 ] showed that the major compounds in EOs in Salvia aerial parts from the three Algerian regions were the monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes. Additionally, the influence of collecting locations and phenophases on the production and chemical composition of S. verbenaca L. essential oils was examined by Farhat et al [ 6 ].…”

“…Chemical heterogeneity of EOs was isolated from three distinct S. verbenaca tissues (leaves, twigs, and stem). In this regard, the EO of S. verbenaca from the fruits contains the highest concentrations of -caryophyllene (23.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (15.9%), while the EO from the stems contains the highest concentrations of camphor and viridiflorol and, and in comparison, the leaf oil contains the highest concentrations of epi-13-manool and manool [ 33 ].…”

“…Certain fatty acids were found in S. verbenaca ( Table 1 ). Taârit et al [ 33 ] identified approximately eight constituents (oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, and ethyl palmitate) ( Figure 5 ). Russo et al [ 19 ] isolated several interesting fatty acids from essential oils of S. verbenaca aerial parts, including (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid), hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), methyl hexadecanoate (methyl palmitate), and ethyl hexadecanoate (ethyl palmitate).…”