Gazing rituals in body dysmorphic disorder

Möllmann, Anne; Hunger, Antje; Schulz, Cláudia; Wilhelm, Sabine; Buhlmann, Ulrike

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101522

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Indeed, previous research has found that staring at an (external) object induces feelings of derealisation (e.g. Möllmann et al, 2020 ). Poor attentional control also correlates moderately with dissociation ( Segal and Lynn, 1993 ), and may explain the persistence of ‘obsessive focus’.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological mechanisms connected to dissociation: Generating hypotheses using network analyses

Černis

Ehlers

Freeman

2022

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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confidence: 99%

Psychological mechanisms connected to dissociation: Generating hypotheses using network analyses

Černis

Ehlers

Freeman

2022

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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“…Barnier and Collison (2019) found that, even among healthy individuals who mirror gazed from a short distance to a body part, self-focused attention decreased satisfaction with appearance, perceived attractiveness, and self-esteem, and increased distress about appearance, distress about disliked parts, urges to change appearance, and body-focused shame. To the contrary, another study found that, in healthy women, mirror-gazing increased dissociation, whereas self-rated attractiveness was unchanged (Möllmann et al., 2020).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

Caputo

Lynn

Houran

2020

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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We critically reviewed the protocols, results, and potential implications from empirical studies ( n = 44) on mirror-gazing (including the “psychomanteum”) and eye-to-eye gazing, both in healthy individuals and clinical patients, including studies of hypnotic mirrored self-misidentification, mirror-gazing in body dysmorphic disorder and schizophrenia. We found these methods to be effective for eliciting altered states or anomalous experiences under controlled conditions and in non-clinical samples. Mirror-gazing and eye-to-eye-gazing produced anomalous experiences almost exclusively in the visual, bodily, and self-identity modalities, whereas psychomanteum experiences tended also to involve voices, smells, and bodily touches. The complexity, diversity, and specificity in contents across these anomalous experiences suggest mechanisms beyond perceptual distortions or illusions. We argue that mirror- and eye-gazing anomalous perceptions implicate different mechanisms that induce (i) Derealization (anomalous perceptions of external reality); (ii) Depersonalization (anomalous perceptions of the body), and (iii) Dissociated identity (anomalous perceptions of another identity in place of the self in mirror-gazing or in place of the other in eye-to-eye gazing). These interpretations suggest directions for future researches.

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“…By contrast, gazing at static photos of faces in normal light levels results in state dissociation of 7.94 [26]; mirror gazing under normal light levels produces a mean CADSS score between 2.7 [19] and 9.86 [24]. The CADSS scores associated with the MGT include scores ranging from 7.8 [11] to 18.72 [18].…”

Section: Psychological Associations With Illusions Dissociationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strange face illusions: A systematic review and quality analysis

Mash¹,

Dean²,

Jenkinson³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Strange face illusions (SFIs) describe a range of visual apparitions that occur when an observer looks at their image reflected in a mirror (Mirror Gaze Task: MGT) or gazes at another’s face (Inter-personal Gazing Dyad Task: IGDT) in a dimly lit room. The illusory effects range from mild alterations in colour, or contrast, to the perception of distorted facial features, or new faces. The current review critically evaluates studies investigating SFIs, their methodological quality, and existing interpretations. Searches conducted using Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and the grey literature up to June 2021 identified 20 studies (N= 874) meeting the inclusion criteria (i.e., providing new empirical evidence relating to SFIs) . Results are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/ek48d).Pooling data across studies, we report that SFIs are experienced by 67% (95% CI: 55-77) of nonclinical participants. Study quality was assessed using the Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) and indicated that most studies (85%) were poor-to-fair quality. Study quality was inversely related to prevalence rates, accounting for almost half of the variance in reported SFI rates. We also report that age was positively related to prevalence rates, with more illusions reported by older samples. Our review suggests that the conditions required to induce strange face illusions appear to be reduced light levels, face stimuli and prolonged eye fixation.In conclusion, SFIs commonly occur in both the MGT and the IGDT paradigms. Current psychodynamic interpretations of SFIs as dissociative identities remain largely speculative and further research of higher quality is needed to establish the prevalence and mechanisms of SFIs more firmly.

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Gazing rituals in body dysmorphic disorder

Cited by 12 publications

References 41 publications

Psychological mechanisms connected to dissociation: Generating hypotheses using network analyses

Psychological mechanisms connected to dissociation: Generating hypotheses using network analyses

Mirror- and Eye-Gazing: An Integrative Review of Induced Altered and Anomalous Experiences

Strange face illusions: A systematic review and quality analysis

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