Gaze interaction: anticipation-based control of the gaze of others

Riechelmann, Eva; Raettig, Tim; Böckler, Anne; Huestegge, Lynn

doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01257-4

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…One explanation is that the naturalness of the stimuli is a further crucial factor for direct gaze advantages (Hamilton, 2016 ). Naturalistic stimuli convey a larger potential to interact socially, and the mere opportunity to do so can alter social attention (Laidlaw et al, 2011 ; but see also Riechelmann et al, 2019 ). A promising line of future research may be to gradually and independently manipulate the degrees of naturalness of stimuli (e.g., by employing avatars) and of the interaction opportunity (e.g., by employing real or virtual reality setups (see Rubo et al, 2020 )), in order to tackle the minimum requirements and relative contribution of realistic face information and interaction opportunity for attention capture by direct gaze.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From eye to arrow: Attention capture by direct gaze requires more than just the eyes

Breil

Huestegge

Böckler

2021

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Human attention is strongly attracted by direct gaze and sudden onset motion. The sudden direct-gaze effect refers to the processing advantage for targets appearing on peripheral faces that suddenly establish eye contact. Here, we investigate the necessity of social information for attention capture by (sudden onset) ostensive cues. Six experiments involving 204 participants applied (1) naturalistic faces, (2) arrows, (3) schematic eyes, (4) naturalistic eyes, or schematic facial configurations (5) without or (6) with head turn to an attention-capture paradigm. Trials started with two stimuli oriented towards the observer and two stimuli pointing into the periphery. Simultaneous to target presentation, one direct stimulus changed to averted and one averted stimulus changed to direct, yielding a 2 × 2 factorial design with direction and motion cues being absent or present. We replicated the (sudden) direct-gaze effect for photographic faces, but found no corresponding effects in Experiments 2–6. Hence, a holistic and socially meaningful facial context seems vital for attention capture by direct gaze. Statement of significance The present study highlights the significance of context information for social attention. Our findings demonstrate that the direct-gaze effect, that is, the prioritization of direct gaze over averted gaze, critically relies on the presentation of a meaningful holistic and naturalistic facial context. This pattern of results is evidence in favor of early effects of surrounding social information on attention capture by direct gaze.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From eye to arrow: Attention capture by direct gaze requires more than just the eyes

Breil

Huestegge

Böckler

2021

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…The range of the E-wavebased applications in gaze interaction, based on either pursuit or dwells, possibly could be even wider. For example, anticipation is considered as an important component of social interaction (Riechelmann et al 2019), this the E-wave, as being related to anticipation, may be considered for estimating the intensity of components of communication, e.g. in systems serving for facilitating remote video communication through the internet.…”

Section: Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A passive BCI for monitoring the intentionality of the gaze-based moving object selection

et al. 2021

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Objective. The use of an electroencephalogram (EEG) anticipation-related component, the expectancy wave (E-wave), in brain–machine interaction was proposed more than 50 years ago. This possibility was not explored for decades, but recently it was shown that voluntary attempts to select items using eye fixations, but not spontaneous eye fixations, are accompanied by the E-wave. Thus, the use of the E-wave detection was proposed for the enhancement of gaze interaction technology, which has a strong need for a mean to decide if a gaze behavior is voluntary or not. Here, we attempted at estimating whether this approach can be used in the context of moving object selection through smooth pursuit eye movements. Approach. Eighteen participants selected, one by one, items which moved on a computer screen, by gazing at them. In separate runs, the participants performed tasks not related to voluntary selection but also provoking smooth pursuit. A low-cost consumer-grade eye tracker was used for item selection. Main results. A component resembling the E-wave was found in the averaged EEG segments time-locked to voluntary selection events of every participant. Linear discriminant analysis with shrinkage regularization classified the intentional and spontaneous smooth pursuit eye movements, using single-trial 300 ms long EEG segments, significantly above chance in eight participants. When the classifier output was averaged over ten subsequent data segments, median group ROC AUC of 0.75 was achieved. Significance. The results suggest the possible usefulness of the E-wave detection in the gaze-based selection of moving items, e.g. in video games. This technique might be more effective when trial data can be averaged, thus it could be considered for use in passive interfaces, for example, in estimating the degree of the user’s involvement during gaze-based interaction.

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“…In social interactions, gaze cues serve several purposes, for example providing information, guiding social interaction, fostering communication, expressing intimacy, and supporting goal-setting (Csibra & Gergely, 2009;Kleinke, 1986;Patterson, 1982;Richardson & Dale, 2005;Riechelmann, Raettig, Böckler, & Huestegge, 2019). Consequently, it comes as no surprise that humans are highly sensitive to gaze cues.…”

Section: Social Functions Of Gazementioning

confidence: 99%

How ubiquitous is the direct-gaze advantage? Evidence for an averted-gaze advantage in a gaze-discrimination task

Riechelmann

Gamer

Böckler

et al. 2020

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Human eye gaze conveys an enormous amount of socially relevant information, and the rapid assessment of gaze direction is of particular relevance in order to adapt behavior accordingly. Specifically, previous research demonstrated evidence for an advantage of processing direct (vs. averted) gaze. The present study examined discrimination performance for gaze direction (direct vs. averted) under controlled presentation conditions: Using a backward-masking gaze-discrimination task, photographs of faces with direct and averted gaze were briefly presented, followed by a mask stimulus. Additionally, effects of facial context on gaze discrimination were assessed by either presenting gaze direction in isolation (i.e., by only showing the eye region) or in the context of an upright or inverted face. Across three experiments, we consistently observed a facial context effect with highest discrimination performance for faces presented in upright position, lower performance for inverted faces, and lowest performance for eyes presented in isolation. Additionally, averted gaze was generally responded to faster and with higher accuracy than direct gaze, indicating an averted-gaze advantage. Overall, the results suggest that direct gaze is not generally associated with processing advantages, thereby highlighting the important role of presentation conditions and task demands in gaze perception.

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Gaze interaction: anticipation-based control of the gaze of others

Cited by 10 publications

References 86 publications

From eye to arrow: Attention capture by direct gaze requires more than just the eyes

From eye to arrow: Attention capture by direct gaze requires more than just the eyes

A passive BCI for monitoring the intentionality of the gaze-based moving object selection

How ubiquitous is the direct-gaze advantage? Evidence for an averted-gaze advantage in a gaze-discrimination task

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