Gaze behaviour: A window into distinct cognitive processes revealed by the Tower of London test

The effect of ostracism on prospective memory in problem solving

“…Furthermore, gaze behaviors provided insight that gaze biases towards task-relevant areas (i.e., the problem setup) and increases in gaze dispersion (i.e., gaze transition entropy) during ideal performance emulated cognitive demands as the TOL difficulty increased. Deficits in information extraction and poor maintenance of spatial information in visuospatial working memory were reflected in sub-optimal gaze behaviors, which tended to occur in the earlier stages of planning [ 14 , 25 ].…”

The effects of task difficulty on gaze behaviour during landing with visual flight rules in low-time pilots

“…It is crucial to understand a pilot's information processing abilities underlying successful performance. Eyetracking provides a non-invasive method that reveals discrete cognitive processes and strategies used to facilitate behaviour (Atik and Arslan, 2019;Ayala et al, 2022;Cao et al, 2022;Hodgson et al, 2019;Martin et al, 2017;Shiferaw et al, 2019;Vickers and Williams, 2017). For example, eye movement measures have been used as an important index for hazard perception in driving (Cao et al, 2022;Cvahte Ojsteršek and Topolšek, 2019;Ziv and Lidor, 2016), human-machine interaction and usability assessment (Jacob and Karn, 2003;Liu et al, 2021;Menekşe Dalveren and Cagiltay, 2018;Niu et al, 2020), the development of visual strategies in athletes (Vansteenkiste, et al, 2022), and pilot behaviour assessment in aviation (Peißl et al, 2018;Vlačić et al, 2020).…”

“…Therefore, it has a direct influence on the planning and execution of subsequent actions (Gonzalez and Niechwiej-Szwedo, 2016;Land and Hayhoe, 2001). Studies have demonstrated that specific gaze metrics including total dwell time, fixation frequency, scan path length, average saccade amplitude and fixation duration are associated with performance in various laboratory paradigms (Ayala et al, 2022;Hodgson et al, 2019;Lemonnier et al, 2014;Martin et al, 2017;Zelinsky & Sheinberg, 1997). For instance, task relevant areas tend to be fixated longer as task difficulty increases suggesting that fixation location and dwell time are a proxy for the allocation of attention (Ayala et al, 2022;Hodgson et al, 2000;León et al, 2019).…”

“…Studies have demonstrated that specific gaze metrics including total dwell time, fixation frequency, scan path length, average saccade amplitude and fixation duration are associated with performance in various laboratory paradigms (Ayala et al, 2022;Hodgson et al, 2019;Lemonnier et al, 2014;Martin et al, 2017;Zelinsky & Sheinberg, 1997). For instance, task relevant areas tend to be fixated longer as task difficulty increases suggesting that fixation location and dwell time are a proxy for the allocation of attention (Ayala et al, 2022;Hodgson et al, 2000;León et al, 2019). Additionally, high performers show significant fixation biases toward task critical areas compared to low performers (Hodgson et al, 2000;León et al, 2019).…”

“…To interpret the entropy findings appropriately, it is important to ensure that SGE and GTE are examined in conjunction with traditional gaze metrics and behavioural performance. Such an approach provides a comprehensive account of gaze behaviour in complex environments, and potentially more insight into the underlying neurocognitive and sensorimotor processes (Ayala et al, 2022).…”