Gay-related stress and emotional distress among gay, lesbian and bisexual youths: A longitudinal examination.

Rosario, Margaret; Schrimshaw, Eric W.; Hunter, Joyce; Gwadz, Marya

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.4.967

Cited by 210 publications

(218 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…One aspect of gay-related stress involves the experience of violence, verbal abuse, rejection, and other stressful life events perpetrated by other individuals against persons who are GLB (Meyer, 1995). Another aspect of gay-related stress is the internalization of society's stigmatization of homosexuality (Rosario et al, 2002). Further, studies have noted that adolescent girls in general report more frequent and intense stressful events when compared to adolescent boys (Petersen et al, 1991).…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A potential explanation for the elevated stress of GLB youth is that they experience a unique set of stressors related directly to being sexual minorities within a heterosexually oriented society (e.g., D'Augelli, 1989). Rosario et al (2002) refer to gay-related stress as the stigmatization of being, or being perceived to be, GLB in a society in which homosexuality is negatively sanctioned. One aspect of gay-related stress involves the experience of violence, verbal abuse, rejection, and other stressful life events perpetrated by other individuals against persons who are GLB (Meyer, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of HIV Risks among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Heterosexual Homeless Youth

Gangamma

Slesnick

Toviessi

et al. 2007

J Youth Adolescence

119

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Youth who are homeless and gay, lesbian or bisexual (GLB) are one of the most disenfranchised and marginalized groups in our society. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare HIV in GLB homeless youth with their heterosexual counterparts. Participants for this study included 268 youth involved in treatment outcome studies with substance abusing homeless youth. Results suggest that GLB youth have greater HIV risks and that these risks are greater among bisexual females. In examining the predictors of sexual health risks, survival sex emerged as the most significant. Survival sex was high among females regardless of their sexual orientation and also among gay males. Implications of these findings suggest that a greater emphasis needs to be paid to preventive interventions among this population. KeywordsYouth; Gay; HIV; Homeless One particularly disturbing consequence of being homeless is engaging in behaviors that put oneself at risk for HIV infection. Overall, the homeless population has a disproportionately higher risk of HIV transmission (Ebner and Laviage, 2003) and substance use (Kipke et al., 1997). Substance abuse has been associated as a risk factor for HIV, both in terms of drug and sexual related risk (Rotheram-Borus et al., 2003). In a recent study designed to explore the differences in sexual health risks and protective factors Rew et al. (2005) found that gay and lesbian homeless youth reported being tested and treated for HIV more than the bisexual or heterosexual youth. This was partially supported by a later study (Solorio et al., 2006) that found that gay and bisexual males were more likely to report being tested for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when compared to heterosexual males and lesbian and bisexual females. While this could imply that gay and lesbian homeless youth are at a greater risk for STIs, there is currently little empirical evidence to show whether differences in HIV risks among heterosexual and gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) youth exist. Such evidence would be helpful in better understanding the needs of these youth and also to better inform intervention strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to bridge this gap by comparing the HIV risks among heterosexual and GLB youth in a population of homeless youth.Historically, studies comparing GLB and heterosexual non-homeless youth have been primarily conducted with school-based and community-based samples (Bontempo and D'Augelli, 2002;Faulkner and Cranston, 1998;Lock and Steiner, 1999). Findings suggest that GLB youth have greater rates of depression, more suicide attempts (Fergusson et al., 1999), more risk taking behavior (Garofalo et al., 1998) (Cochran et al., 2002;Noell and Ochs, 2001;Whitbeck et al., 2004). Gender differences have also been noted by some researchers. For instance, Whitbeck and colleagues (2004) in a longitudinal study of homeless and runaway adolescents found that gay males were more likely to have symptoms of internalization when compared to heterosexual males. Lesbian adole...

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Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of HIV Risks among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Heterosexual Homeless Youth

Gangamma

Slesnick

Toviessi

et al. 2007

J Youth Adolescence

119

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Section: Social Support From Family and Friends-procidanomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SOS assesses negative relationships in general, regardless of the cause; it is not specifically a measure of negative reactions from others to the youths' homosexuality. The relations of such stigmatizing reactions to psychological distress were examined elsewhere (Rosario et al, 2002).Social Desirability-The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964) was self-administered at baseline. Two items, considered inappropriate for youths, were removed, resulting in a 31-item scale, using a true-false response format.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological Distress Following Suicidality Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths: Role of Social Relationships

Rosario

Schrimshaw²,

Hunter³

2005

J Youth Adolescence

Self Cite

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Longitudinal relations between past suicidality and subsequent changes in psychological distress at follow-up were examined among gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) youths, as were psychosocial factors (e.g., self-esteem, social support, negative social relationships) that might mediate or moderate this relation. Past suicide attempters were found to have higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and conduct problems at a later time than youths who neither attempted nor ideated. Psychosocial factors failed to mediate this relation. The interaction among past suicidality, social support, and negative relationships was associated with subsequent changes in all three psychological distress indicators six months later. Specifically, high levels of support (either from family or friends) or negative relationships were found to predict increased psychological distress among those with a history of suicide attempts, but not among youths without a history of suicidality. The findings suggest that GLB youths who attempt suicide continue to have elevated levels of psychological distress long after their attempt and they highlight the importance of social relationships in the youths' psychological distress at follow-up. Keywordsgay; lesbian; bisexual adolescents; suicide attempts; suicidal ideation; psychological distress; conduct problems; self-esteem; social support; negative social relationships; longitudinal research Suicide is a critical public health concern among gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) youths. These youths live in a society that stigmatizes and condemns homosexuality (e.g., Herek,To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Psychology, The City University of New York -The City College and Graduate Center, NAC Building 7-120, Convent Avenue and 138 th Street, New York, NY 10031. mrosario@gc.cuny.edu. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the biannual meeting of the European Association for Research on Adolescence, Oxford, UK, September 2002; and, at . Thus, it is unsurprising that many GLB youths, given their young age and developmentally limited coping strategies, have considered or attempted suicide in response to the stigmatization (e.g., Bontempo & D'Augelli, 2002;Hershberger & D'Augelli, 1995). Indeed, the prevalence of suicidality is elevated among GLB youths (see below). However, nothing is known about the long-term implications of suicidality among GLB youths. The present report on GLB youths examines the relation of suicidality on subsequent psychological distress at follow-up and further investigates psychosocial factors that mediate or moderate the relation between suicidality and changes in psychological distress. Prevalence of Suicidality Among GLB YouthsStudies employing representative samples have found a significantly higher prevalence of suicide attempts among GLB youths than heterosexual youths: between 21% and 35% within the past year among GLB youths and between 4% and 14% among heterosexual youths (Faulkner & Cranston, 1998;Fergusson et al...

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“…There is no published test-retest reliability on this measure. However, a modified version of this measure was administered to gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents (Rosario, Schrimshaw, Hunter, & Gwadz, 2002). Follow-up analyses of this data found that this modified version of the NHAI had test-retest reliabilities ranging from .65 through .69 over a 6-month time period (M. Rosario, personal communication, November 20, 2003).…”

Section: Modified Nungesser Homosexuality Attitudes Inventory (Nungesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive processing therapy for acute stress disorder resulting from an anti-gay assault

Kaysen

Lostutter

Goines

2005

Cognitive and Behavioral Practice

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This case study describes Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) with a 30-year-old gay man with symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) following a recent homophobic assault. Treatment addressed assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms. Also addressed were low self-esteem, helplessness, and high degrees of internalized homophobia. Client symptomatology was tracked using the PTSD Symptom Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory over the course of 12 sessions and for a 3-month posttermination session. Symptoms were significantly reduced by the end of the 12-week therapy and were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This case highlights the utility of this therapy in targeting both ASD symptoms and internalized homophobia relating to experiencing a hate crime-related assault. The authors elaborate on theoretical and applied issues in adapting a structured cognitive-behavioral intervention to the treatment of ASD symptoms associated with experiencing a hate crime.According to national statistics, violent crime in the United States decreased over the past 10 years, yet rates of hate crimes have increased 3.5% (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 2001). Hate crimes based on sexual orientation (16.3%) comprise the third highest category after hate crimes based on race (53.6%) and religion (18.2%). Fifty-six percent of sexual orientationbased hate crimes reported to police were violent offenses (U.S. Department of Justice, 2001). Yet no studies have been conducted on whether standard treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are efficacious for victims of these types of violent offenses.Hate crimes have been defined as crimes of bias ranging from verbal assault to homicide intended to harm an individual or group because of perceived minority group membership (Herek, 1989). Current federal hatecrime law defines hate crimes as crimes motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias (Swigonski, Mama, & Ward, 2001). This bias may be demonstrated in a variety of ways, including the presence of bias-related comments, written statements, or gestures made by the offender indicating bias (Federal Bureau of Investigations, 1999). A common feature among definitions of hate crimes is victim perception of the event as bias-related (Herek, Gillis, & Cogan, 1999;Swigonski et al., 2001).Studies from within the gay/lesbian/bisexual/trans-gender (GLBT) community suggest that experiences with hate crimes are relatively common . Recent studies have reported 11% to 16% of gay men and lesbians experienced sexual or physicalassaults because of their sexual orientation (Herek et al., 1999;Rose & Mechanic, 2002). One fourth of gay men and one fifth of lesbian women experienced criminal victimization at least once during adulthood due to their sexual orientation (Herek et al., Address correspondence to Debra Kaysen, University of Washington Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-0650; e-mail: dkaysen@u.washington.edu.. 1999). GLBT yo...

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Gay-related stress and emotional distress among gay, lesbian and bisexual youths: A longitudinal examination.

Cited by 210 publications

References 37 publications

Comparison of HIV Risks among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Heterosexual Homeless Youth

Comparison of HIV Risks among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Heterosexual Homeless Youth

Psychological Distress Following Suicidality Among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths: Role of Social Relationships

Cognitive processing therapy for acute stress disorder resulting from an anti-gay assault

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