Gastropod Immunobiology

Loker, Eric S.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_2

Cited by 90 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…However, it is possible that responses are simply not seen in the parameters measured in this experiment if some other defence mechanisms are used against them. Potential candidates for such mechanisms are, for example, reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (Bayne, 2009) and lectins such as fibrinogen-related proteins (reviewed by Loker, 2010), which have been reported to be important in snail defences against trematodes in other species. Furthermore, trematodes are known to be able to effectively avoid and supress snail immune function (reviewed by Loker, 2010), which could also explain the lack of increased immune activity in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Seppälä

Leicht

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Lymnaea stagnalis is a holarctic freshwater snail inhabiting shallow littoral zones of stagnant waters such as lakes and ponds. It is an SUMMARY Understanding the outcomes of host-parasite interactions in nature is in high demand as parasites and pathogens are important for several ecological and evolutionary processes. Ecological immunology (ecoimmunology) has a key role in reaching this goal because immune defence is the main physiological barrier against infections. To date, ecoimmunological studies largely lean on measuring constitutive immune defences (components of defence that are always active). However, understanding the role of inducible components of immune function is important as the immune system is largely an inducible defence. Measuring such defences can be complicated as different parasites may activate different immune cascades, and expression of different immune traits may not be independent. We examined the suitability of different immune activation techniques for the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. By experimentally challenging snails with different immune elicitors [injection with snail saline (i.e. wounding), lyophilized Escherichia coli cells, lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells, healthy snail gonad, and trematodeinfected snail gonad; maintenance in microorganism-enriched water] and measuring phenoloxidase-like and antibacterial activity of their haemolymph, we found increased immune activity against some immune elicitors, but also decreased activity. Our findings suggest potentially complicated relationships among immune traits, and propose suitable techniques for ecological studies in this study system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Seppälä

Leicht

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The surface carbohydrates of trematode larvae have long attracted attention due to the important role of glycan-binding proteins (lectins) among the non-self recognition mechanisms of the intermediate gastropod host (Horák and van der Knaap 1997, Lockyer et al 2004, Loker 2010. One traditional way to characterize carbohydrate surface epitopes is using panels of commercially available lectins with different sugar specificities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fasciola hepatica miracidia: Lectin binding and stimulation of in vitro miracidium-to-sporocyst transformation

Georgieva

Mizinska

et al. 2012

Acta Parasitologica

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The lectin binding properties of Fasciola hepatica miracidia were studied by a panel of fluorescein-and gold-conjugated lectins (ConA, LCA, WGA, LEA, SBA, HPA and UEA-I). The presence of mannose and/or glucose residues was demonstrated with ConA and LCA as weak diffuse fluorescence of the miracidial surface, which was more intense at the anterior part of the larva. The N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectins WGA and LEA reacted intensely with the whole miracidial surface. No labelling with N-acetylgalactosamine and/or galactose-specific (SBA and HPA) and fucose-specific UEA-I lectins was observed. The possibility that the specific recognition of the miracidial surface carbohydrates by lectins may initiate the process of transformation of the miracidia into sporocysts was examined in vitro in physiological saline for Galba truncatula. Incubation in the presence of ConA and WGA resulted in facilitation of the transformation process. Facilitation was absent in the presence of inhibitor sugars. Incubation in the presence of SBA or UEA-I had no effect. The results suggested a possible impact of carbohydrate-lectin interactions in transformation of miracidia of F. hepatica to sporocysts in vivo.

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“…Epidermis, mesoglea, and gastrodermis; control hare in group 3, cardiac chambers contained clear space, and vessels contained small numbers of hemocytes (formerly called amebocytes). 22 In the California sea hare in group 1, the cardiac chambers contained mildly increased numbers of hemocytes, and the myocardium was expanded by interstitial edema (Fig. 14).…”

Section: Circulatory Systemmentioning

confidence: 95%

Lesions of Copper Toxicosis in Captive Marine Invertebrates With Comparisons to Normal Histology

LaDouceur

Wynne

Garner³

et al. 2015

Vet Pathol

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Despite increasing concern for coral reef ecosystem health within the last decade, there is scant literature concerning the histopathology of diseases affecting the major constituents of coral reef ecosystems, particularly marine invertebrates. This study describes histologic findings in 6 species of marine invertebrates (California sea hare [ ) with spontaneous copper toxicosis, 4 purple sea urchins with experimentally induced copper toxicosis, and 1 unexposed control of each species listed. The primary lesions in the California sea hare with copper toxicosis were branchial and nephridial necrosis. Affected echinoderms shared several histologic lesions, including epidermal necrosis and ulceration and increased numbers of coelomocytes within the water-vascular system. The sunburst anemone with copper toxicosis had necrosis of both epidermis and gastrodermis, as well as expulsion of zooxanthellae from the gastrodermis. In addition to the lesions attributed to copper toxicosis, our results describe normal microscopic features of these animals that may be useful for histopathologic assessment of marine invertebrates. Keywords copper toxicosis, histology, histopathology, marine invertebratesThere is increasing concern about the degradation of the world's coral reef ecosystems. 3,9,37 Due to the interdependence of animals and plants in reef communities, shifts in abundance and diversity strongly affect the various trophic levels in these complex ecosystems. 3,19,39 Despite increased attention to reef ecosystem health within the last decade, there remains relatively scant literature concerning the histopathology of diseases affecting the major constituents of coral reef ecosystems, particularly marine invertebrates. 16,40 To address the need for better information relevant to coral conservation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sponsored a workshop to develop a consensus on the histopathology and terminology of several common coral diseases. 12,29 No such consensus has been reached for the majority of marine invertebrates, and gaps as well as inconsistencies exist in the terminology and reports of pathophysiology, microanatomy, and embryology for these groups. Research in corals has shown that some cnidarian lesions that appear similar grossly are widely divergent microscopically.35 Systematic gross and microscopic descriptions, as well as attempted identification of etiologic agents, are important steps to developing an understanding of the pathogenesis of disease in these animals. 41Copper is a common pollutant of marine ecosystems that emanates from industrial effluent, urban/agricultural runoff, sewage treatment discharge, heavy metal mining areas, and antifouling paints and refineries. 24,27 Marine organisms can concentrate heavy metals from 10 to >20 000 times the environmental level, causing extremely high tissue loads. 10 The toxic effects of heavy metals are well documented in a variety of marine organisms, but there is limited research on the histologic lesions of heavy metal toxi...

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Gastropod Immunobiology

Cited by 90 publications

References 176 publications

Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Fasciola hepatica miracidia: Lectin binding and stimulation of in vitro miracidium-to-sporocyst transformation

Lesions of Copper Toxicosis in Captive Marine Invertebrates With Comparisons to Normal Histology

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