Gastrointestinal Pathogenesis in Aquatic Animals

Bøgwald, Jarl; Dalmo, Roy Ambli

doi:10.1002/9781118897263.ch3

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 122 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…Three infection models (T1–T3), using viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens showed a differential expression of the different forms of IgM and IgT in lymphohematopoietic organs (head kidney or spleen) and the target organ for each pathogen, brain for nodavirus (18) and intestine for Phdp (43) and E. leei (44) (Figure 1). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

et al. 2016

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Three different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in vaccination studies.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

et al. 2016

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“…The gut microbiota of endothermic animals as the case with fish is classified as autochthonous or indigenous, when they are able to adhere and colonize the host's mucus layer or gut epithelial surface, or allochthonous, when they are incidental visitors in the GI tract, and are expelled after some time without colonizing (Kim, Brunt, & Austin, ; Ringø & Birkbeck, ; Ringø, Olsen, Mayhew, & Myklebust, ). The adherent bacteria may play an important role in health and disease control of fish, and in this regard, it is of importance to bear in mind that the GI tract of fish is one of the major infection routes for some pathogens (Birkbeck & Ringø, ; Bøgwald & Dalmo, ; Groff & LaPatra, ; Harikrishnan & Balasundaram, ; Ringø, Myklebust, Mayhew, & Olsen, ; Ringø et al., ; Ringø, Løvmo et al., ).…”

Section: Effects Of Soybean Products On Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The adherent bacteria may play an important role in health and disease control of fish, and in this regard, it is of importance to bear in mind that the GI tract of fish is one of the major infection routes for some pathogens (Birkbeck & Ringø, 2005;Bøgwald & Dalmo, 2014;Groff & LaPatra, 2000;Harikrishnan & Balasundaram, 2005;Ringø, Myklebust, Mayhew, & Olsen, 2007;Ringø et al, 2003;Ringø, Løvmo et al, 2010).…”

Section: Effects Of Soybean Products On Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary effects of soybean products on gut microbiota and immunity of aquatic animals: A review

et al. 2017

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Soybean meal (SBM) is one of the most commonly used vegetable ingredient to replace fish meal in fish diets. However, SBM is limiting in some essential amino acids and contains numerous antinutritional factors and antigens that can affect intestinal microbiota and innate immune system in several finfish species and crustaceans and compromise health. The impact of SBM on health and gut microbiota of aquatic animals is not only affected by SBM in general, but also on the degree of treatment of the meal and exposure. Recently, many studies are actively seeking ways to complement or balance those adverse responses induced by high inclusion of SBM in aquaculture diets. These include advanced processing and mixture of feed with other feed components to balance antinutritional factors. The impact of dietary soybean oil on gut microbiota has also been investigated but to a lesser extent than SBM. As the gastrointestinal tract has been suggested as one of the major routes of infection in finfish species and crustaceans, the effect of soybean products on the gut microbiota is important to investigate. Several studies have focus on supplementation of SBM on the adverse responses of the innate immune system as immunological mechanisms are likely involved in the underlying pathology. However, the precise cause of the inflammatory process has not yet been clarified, even though some investigations have suggested that alcohol‐soluble antinutritional factors, especially soy saponins, are potential causative factors. Possible interactions between soybean products and innate immune system in several finfish species and crustaceans are discussed.

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“…The gut microbiota of different sturgeon species have been reported in numerous studies, and evaluation of the intestinal microbiota is of importance to investigate as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the major infection routes for some pathogens in fish (Groff & LaPatra 2000;Birkbeck & Ringø 2005;Ringø et al 2007Ringø et al , 2010bBøgwald & Dalmo 2014).…”

Section: Intestinal Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplements in sturgeon aquaculture: a review

Hoseinifar

Ringø

Masouleh³

et al. 2014

Reviews in Aquaculture

184

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This study addressed the issue of the dietary supplements; probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotics considered as functional food ingredients in sturgeon aquaculture. Developments of this strategy have been suggested and practiced as an alternative to antibiotic administration in aquaculture. Sturgeons are commercially valuable species due to their meet and roe, which is made into caviar. Aquaculture of sturgeons up to marketable size has increased during the last decade while disquieting decreases have been noticed of the natural populations. In line with the expand evaluations of microbial dietary supplements and prebiotics in finfish and shellfish aquaculture, the scientific community has also increased their interest in approaches to these issues in sturgeon aquaculture. The present review summarizes and discusses the results on intestinal microbiota of sturgeon species and the effects of probiotic, prebiotic or synbiotic administration on growth performance, gut physiology, intestinal microbiota, immune response and health. Furthermore, this study tries to cover the gaps of existing knowledge and suggest issues that merits further investigations.

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Gastrointestinal Pathogenesis in Aquatic Animals

Abstract: The mucosal surfaces are the first barrier against systemic infection of bacteria.

Cited by 22 publications

References 122 publications

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

Differential Modulation of IgT and IgM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary Challenges in a Perciform Fish

Dietary effects of soybean products on gut microbiota and immunity of aquatic animals: A review

Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplements in sturgeon aquaculture: a review

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