Gastrointestinal Morphology of Female White-Tailed and Mule Deer: Effects of Fire, Reproduction, and Feeding Type

Zimmerman, Teresa J.; Jenks, Jonathan A.; Leslie, David M.

doi:10.1644/05-mamm-a-356r1.1

Cited by 34 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Based on LANDSAT data, effects of the fire varied from unburned areas and low-intensity burns (39% of fire area with trees all or partially green) to moderate burns (32%, crowns entirely or nearly entirely scorched) and highintensity burns (24%, trees devoid of needles); 5% of the area was unclassified. From 2001From -2003, average vegetation cover of forbs, grasses, and major shrubs species was 2.2%, 2.3%, and 6.3%, respectively, in unburned habitat and 8.6%, 11.4%, and 2.2% in burned habitat, respectively (Zimmerman, 2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We collected deer within and surrounding the Jasper Wildfire perimeter in early February and August 2002(Zimmerman et al, 2006. We sampled $5 mule deer and $5 white-tailed deer from burned and unburned habitats in each season.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hepatic variables were compared for main and interactive effects of habitat and reproductive status using analysis of covariance (Zimmerman et al, 2006). Age was used as the covariate (Woolf et al, 1982).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age was used as the covariate (Woolf et al, 1982). If we could not meet assumptions of homogeneity of slopes in analysis of covariance, analyses were conducted by plotting data by independent variables (Zimmerman et al, 2006). If variables were independent of the main effects, the covariate was removed from the analysis (Zimmerman et al, 2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the nutritional demands of gestation and lactation, we hypothesized that elemental concentrations would vary depending on reproductive status. We also hypothesized that because of variation in feeding strategies (Hofmann, 1988a(Hofmann, , 1988b and morphology between species (Zimmerman et al, 2006) (white-tailed deer, concentrate selector; mule deer, concentrate selector-intermediate feeder), hepatic elemental concentrations would reflect dietary differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatic Minerals of White-Tailed and Mule Deer in the Southern Black Hills, South Dakota

Zimmerman

Jenks

Leslie

et al. 2008

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Because there is a paucity of information on the mineral requirements of free-ranging deer, data are needed from clinically healthy deer to provide a basis for the diagnosis of mineral deficiencies. To our knowledge, no reports are available on baseline hepatic mineral concentrations from sympatric white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) using different habitats in the Northern Great Plains. We assessed variation in hepatic minerals of female white-tailed deer (n542) and mule deer (n541). Deer were collected in February and August 2002 and 2003 from study areas in Custer and Pennington Counties, South Dakota, in and adjacent to a wildfire burn. Hepatic samples were tested for levels (parts per million; ppm) of aluminum (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), selenium (Se), sodium (Na), sulfur (S), thalium (Tl), and zinc (Zn). We predicted that variability in element concentrations would occur between burned and unburned habitat due to changes in plant communities and thereby forage availability. We determined that Zn, Cu, and Ba values differed (P#0.05) between habitats. Because of the nutritional demands of gestation and lactation, we hypothesized that elemental concentrations would vary depending on reproductive status; Cd, Cu, Ca, P, Mn, Mo, Na, and Zn values differed (P#0.05) by reproductive status. We also hypothesized that, due to variation in feeding strategies and morphology between deer species, hepatic elemental concentrations would reflect dietary differences; Ca, Cu, K, Co, Mo, Se, and Zn differed (P#0.05) between species. Further research is needed to determine causes of variation in hepatic mineral levels due to habitat, reproductive status, and species.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatic Minerals of White-Tailed and Mule Deer in the Southern Black Hills, South Dakota

Zimmerman

Jenks

Leslie

et al. 2008

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Sexual segregation in North American elk: the role of density dependence

Stewart

Walsh

Kie

et al. 2015

Ecology and Evolution

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We investigated how density-dependent processes and subsequent variation in nutritional condition of individuals influenced both timing and duration of sexual segregation and selection of resources. During 1999–2001, we experimentally created two population densities of North American elk (Cervus elaphus), a high-density population at 20 elk/km2, and a low-density population at 4 elk/km2 to test hypotheses relative to timing and duration of sexual segregation and variation in selection of resources. We used multi-response permutation procedures to investigate patterns of sexual segregation, and resource selection functions to document differences in selection of resources by individuals in high- and low-density populations during sexual segregation and aggregation. The duration of sexual segregation was 2 months longer in the high-density population and likely was influenced by individuals in poorer nutritional condition, which corresponded with later conception and parturition, than at low density. Males and females in the high-density population overlapped in selection of resources to a greater extent than in the low-density population, probably resulting from density-dependent effects of increased intraspecific competition and lower availability of resources.

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Evolution of ungulate mating systems: Integrating social and environmental factors

Bowyer

McCullough

Rachlow

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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Ungulates exhibit diverse mating systems that range from monogamous pair territories to highly polygynous leks. We review mating systems and behaviors across ungulates and offer a new approach synthesizing how interacting factors may shape those mating systems. Variability exists in mating systems among and within species of ungulates and likely is affected by predation risk, availability of resources (food and mates), habitat structure, and sociality. Ungulate mating systems may be labile as a consequence of the varying strength of those interacting factors. In addition, degree of polygyny and sexual dimorphism in size are associated with the evolution of mating systems. Neither male–male combat nor paternal care, however, can completely explain differences in sexual size dimorphism for ungulates, a necessary component in understanding the development of some mating systems. Whatever the evolutionary pathway, sexual segregation limits paternal care allowing more intense male–male competition. Selection of habitat structure, because it modifies risk of predation, is a major determinant of sociality for ungulates. Likewise, ruggedness and steepness of terrain limit the types of mating systems that can occur because of limitations in group size and cohesiveness, as well as the ability of males to herd even small groups of females effectively. The quality and defensibility of resources affect mating systems, as does the defensibility of females. Population density of females also may be a critical determinant of the types of mating systems that develop. Size of groups likewise constrains the types of mating tactics that males can employ. Our aim was to use those relationships to create a broad conceptual model that predicts how various environmental and social factors interact to structure mating systems in ungulates. This model provides a useful framework for future tests of the roles of both ecological and social conditions in influencing the social systems of ungulates.

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Gastrointestinal Morphology of Female White-Tailed and Mule Deer: Effects of Fire, Reproduction, and Feeding Type

Cited by 34 publications

References 37 publications

Hepatic Minerals of White-Tailed and Mule Deer in the Southern Black Hills, South Dakota

Hepatic Minerals of White-Tailed and Mule Deer in the Southern Black Hills, South Dakota

Sexual segregation in North American elk: the role of density dependence

Evolution of ungulate mating systems: Integrating social and environmental factors

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