Gastrointestinal effects of single and repeated doses of ferrous sulphate in rats

Benoni, Giuseppina; Cuzzolin, Laura; Zambreri, D.; Donini, Marta; Soldato, Piero Del; Caramazza, I.

doi:10.1006/phrs.1993.1007

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Excessive intake of inorganic iron causes several side effects on gastrointestinal organs. For example, ferrous sulfate induces some lesions on the rat stomach at doses from 50 to 150 mg kg À1 of body weight (Benoni et al, 1993). Consequently, there is a strong need to develop a practical iron fortifier that has no side effect on the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of lactoferrin as a natural solubilizer of iron for food products

Uchida

Oda

Sato

et al. 2006

International Dairy Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability of lactoferrin as a natural solubilizer of iron for food products

Uchida

Oda

Sato

et al. 2006

International Dairy Journal

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“…Removal of iron from infant formula also resulted in an increase in the level of Bacteroides and a decrease in the level of clostridia, as well as shifts in other bacterial groups (4). An increase in the level of iron has the opposite effect, as repeated doses of ferrous sulfate over 4 weeks in rats resulted in a decrease in the level of Bacteroides and an increase in the level of clostridia (5). Dihydroxy phenolic groups can form stable complexes with many metal ions, and ion chelation by polyphenolics may have an effect in the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Condensed Tannins on Bacterial Diversity and Metabolic Activity in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract

Smith

Mackie

2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

129

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The effect of dietary condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) on rat fecal bacterial populations was ascertained in order to determine whether the proportion on tannin-resistant bacteria increased and if there was a change in the predominant bacterial populations. After 3 weeks of tannin diets the proportion of tanninresistant bacteria increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 0.3% ؎ 5.5% to 25.3% ؎ 8.3% with a 0.7% tannin diet and to 47.2% ؎ 5.1% with a 2% tannin diet. The proportion of tannin-resistant bacteria returned to preexposure levels in the absence of dietary tannins. A shift in bacterial populations was confirmed by molecular fingerprinting of fecal bacterial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Posttreatment samples were generally still distinguishable from controls after 3.5 weeks. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands and characterization of tannin-resistant isolates indicated that tannins selected for Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species. Dot blot quantification confirmed that these gram-negative bacterial groups predominated in the presence of dietary tannins and that there was a corresponding decrease in the gram-positive Clostridium leptum group and other groups. Metabolic fingerprint patterns revealed that functional activities of culturable fecal bacteria were affected by the presence of tannins. Condensed tannins of Acacia angustissima altered fecal bacterial populations in the rat gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a shift in the predominant bacteria towards tannin-resistant gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroides species.

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“…Notably, the increased number of eosinophils in villi of animals from the FS and iron AC groups suggests some allergic component in the small intestine injury mechanism in these animals. Benoni et al [13] reported a variable impact of oral FS (10-30 mg/kg) on the GI environment after single and repeated administration. Although these authors did not observe any substantial damage to GI structures, in the chronic experiment at lower doses, they found a strong alteration in fecal flora.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver Toxicity of Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Amino Chelate and Iron Polymaltose Complex in Normal Rats

et al. 2008

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Iron deficiency is a common worldwide problem leading to several morbidities including anemia. Although oral iron is the first choice in iron deficiency therapy, it may produce gastrointestinal (GI) and liver disorders. The aim of our study was to evaluate: (1) acute toxicity (LD₅₀) in different oral iron compounds such as ferrous sulfate (FS), iron amino chelate (AC) and iron polymaltose complex (IPC) and (2) possible differences in early and late toxicity in the GI tract and liver between them. Methods: Hematological variables, liver enzymes, oxidative stress markers (thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances, reduced glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, CuZn superoxide dysmutase) in intestinal mucosa and liver homogenates, and morphological parameters (gross anatomy, histology) were evaluated in non-anemic rats. Results: LD₅₀ was lower (p < 0.01) in FS versus iron AC and IPC. The liver enzymes were increased in the FS group (p < 0.05). The FS group presented gastric mucosal erosions and the iron AC group showed submucosal hemorrhages in the lower GI tract (colon and rectum) versus the IPC and control groups. In the small intestine, the villi/crypt ratio and goblet cells per villus were significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in the FS and iron AC groups versus IPC. The eosinophils per villus were increased (p < 0.01) in the FS and iron AC groups versus the IPC and control groups. Ferritin was elevated (p < 0.01) in the IPC group versus FS and iron AC in the small intestine and liver. The oxidative stress markers were all significantly (p < 0.01) altered in the FS and iron AC groups versus the IPC and control groups in the intestinal mucosa and liver. Conclusion: FS exhibited important acute toxicity as well as early and late GI tract and liver toxicity. Despite showing similar LD₅₀ as IPC, iron AC presented differences regarding early and late GI tract and liver toxicity versus IPC.

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Gastrointestinal effects of single and repeated doses of ferrous sulphate in rats

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Availability of lactoferrin as a natural solubilizer of iron for food products

Availability of lactoferrin as a natural solubilizer of iron for food products

Effect of Condensed Tannins on Bacterial Diversity and Metabolic Activity in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract

Comparative Study of Gastrointestinal Tract and Liver Toxicity of Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Amino Chelate and Iron Polymaltose Complex in Normal Rats

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