“…In addition, patients with IBD display up to 20% longer small intestinal transit times [48], differing fluid volumes with constipation and/or diarrhoea, a higher colonic epithelial permeability [49], colonic inflammation [50] and reduced surface mucus [51]. An increasing body of research has reported that systemic diseases indirectly related to the GI tract such as cystic fibrosis, Parkinson's disease, diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and chronic pain can also influence gut function [40][41][42][43][44].…”