Gastrointestinal Detoxification and Digestive Disorders in Ruminant Animals

Abdullah

BioMed Research International

2013

184

171

This research was carried out to evaluate the effects of flavone, myricetin, naringin, catechin, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol at the concentration of 4.5% of the substrate (dry matter basis) on the rumen microbial activity in vitro. Mixture of guinea grass and concentrate (60 : 40) was used as the substrate. The results showed that all the flavonoids except naringin and quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the dry matter degradability. The gas production significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by flavone, myricetin, and kaempferol, whereas naringin, rutin, and quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) increased the gas production. The flavonoids suppressed methane production significantly (P < 0.05). The total VFA concentration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the presence of flavone, myricetin, and kaempferol. All flavonoids except naringin and quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the carboxymethyl cellulase, filter paperase, xylanase, and β-glucosidase activities, purine content, and the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Flavone, myricetin, catechin, rutin, and kaempferol significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the population of rumen microbes. Total populations of protozoa and methanogens were significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed by naringin and quercetin. The results of this research demonstrated that naringin and quercetin at the concentration of 4.5% of the substrate (dry matter basis) were potential metabolites to suppress methane production without any negative effects on rumen microbial fermentation.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Effects of Flavonoids on Rumen Fermentation Activity, Methane Production, and Microbial Population

Abdullah

BioMed Research International

2013

184

171

“…The outstanding ruminal example is Synergisties jonesii , which is able to degrade mimosine (plant toxin) present in Leucaena leucocephala . Ruminal micro‐organisms do not usually have the ability to degrade mimosine, but when S. jonesii is introduced, it fills a specific identifiable niche and is able to persist (McSweeney and Mackie 1997). Another example is that of detoxification of monofluoroacetate, which is present in some Australian plants, but at present it is not known if there are autochthonous anaerobic bacteria that are able to detoxify monofluoroacetate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of a modified Neocallimastix patriciarum xylanase in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens digests more fibre but cannot effectively compete with highly fibrolytic bacteria in the rumen

et al. 2001

Aims: This study investigated the competitive abilities of two Neocallimastix patriciarum‐derived xylanases constructs in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c (xynA and pUMSX) and their ability to compete in vivo. Methods and Results: The digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) increased during co‐culture of xynA or pUMSX and weakly cellulolytic, but not with highly cellulolytic, ruminococci. Competition studies among xynA, pUMSX and cellulolytic consortia demonstrated that xynA was the fittest. XynA did not persist at high levels in the rumen and was undetectable after 22 days. Conclusions: The construction of recombinant xylanolytic B. fibrisolvens does improve the digestibility of fibre above that of the native, but digestibility is still less than that of the most potent fibre digesters such as ruminococci. Significance and Impact of the Study: Fibre digestion may be improved by genetic manipulation of ruminal bacteria but ecological parameters, such as persistence in vivo and the niche of the organism, must be taken into account.

“…Ideally, detoxification would take place in a pregastric chamber, such that biotransformation of plant secondary metabolites could occur prior to absorption in the small intestine (Freeland and Janzen 1974). Indeed there are examples of microbial detoxification of PSMs in domesticated ruminants (Jones and Megarrity 1986;Smith 1992;McSweeney and Mackie 1997). However, microbial detoxification of PSMs is only beginning to be investigated in wild mammalian herbivores (Hiura et al 2010;Sundset et al 2010) To date, the most extensive effort to characterize the microbial diversity of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract involved analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from fresh feces of 59 species of non-human mammals (Ley et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Diversity and novelty of the gut microbial community of an herbivorous rodent (Neotoma bryanti)

et al. 2011

Mammalian herbivores host diverse microbial communities to aid in fermentation and potentially detoxification of dietary compounds. However, the microbial ecology of herbivorous rodents, especially within the largest superfamily of mammals (Muroidea) has received little attention. We conducted a preliminary inventory of the intestinal microbial community of Bryant's woodrat (Neotoma bryanti), an herbivorous Muroidea rodent. We collected woodrat feces, generated 16S rDNA clone libraries, and obtained sequences from 171 clones. Our results demonstrate that the woodrat gut hosts a large number of novel microorganisms, with 96% of the total microbial sequences representing novel species. These include several microbial genera that have previously been implicated in the metabolism of plant toxins. Interestingly, a comparison of the community structure of the woodrat gut with that of other mammals revealed that woodrats have a microbial community more similar to foregut rather than hindgut fermenters. Moreover, their microbial community was different to that of previously studied herbivorous rodents. Therefore, the woodrat gut may represent a useful resource for the identification of novel microbial genes involved in cellulolytic or detoxification processes.