Gastroenteritis in patients with stool isolates of vibrio vulnificus

Johnston, Jeffrey M.; Becker, Susan F.; McFarland, Louise M.

doi:10.1016/0002-9343(86)90038-0

Cited by 54 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…ibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, and fatal septicemia in humans (1)(2)(3). It is routinely found in waters of estuarine environments as part of the normal microflora, as well as in oysters and other shellfish inhabiting those estuaries (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

Froelich

Ayrapetyan

Oliver

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Marine aggregates are naturally forming conglomerations of larvacean houses, phytoplankton, microbes, and inorganics adhered together by exocellular polymers. In this study, we show in vitro that the bacterial pathogen Vibrio vulnificus can be concentrated into laboratory-generated aggregates from surrounding water. We further show that environmental (E-genotype) strains exhibit significantly more integration into these aggregates than clinical (C-genotype) strains. Experiments where marine aggregates with attached V. vulnificus cells were fed to oysters (Crassostrea virginica) resulted in greater uptake of both C and E types than nonaggregated controls. When C-and E-genotype strains were cocultured in competitive experiments, the aggregated E-genotype strains exhibited significantly greater uptake by oyster than the C-genotype strains. Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, and fatal septicemia in humans (1-3). It is routinely found in waters of estuarine environments as part of the normal microflora, as well as in oysters and other shellfish inhabiting those estuaries (3). V. vulnificus infection is the leading cause of seafood-borne deaths in the United States, usually resulting from the consumption of raw or undercooked oysters (3). Infections caused by ingestion commonly result in primary septicemia, almost always require hospitalization, and have a fatality rate of greater than 50% (3, 4). Wound infections usually result from exposure of open wounds to seawater containing the bacterium and can progress to fatal necrotizing fasciitis (5, 6).V. vulnificus exhibits high genotypic and phenotypic variation (3) and is divided into two genotypes, a difference originally discovered by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR analysis of strains from both clinical and environmental sources (7). In this classification system, a gene designated vcg (virulence-correlated gene) was found to have two variations (8). One allele (vcgC) correlates highly with strains obtained from clinical sources and is designated the C genotype, while the other (vcgE) is correlated with environmentally isolated strains and is designated the E genotype (7,8).Over 95% of infections resulting in septicemia caused by V. vulnificus involve the consumption of raw oysters, with the remainder arising from ingestion of steamed oysters and clams (3). While millions of people in the United States eat raw oysters (9), if a consumer is afflicted with a predisposing condition, such as liver impairment or immune system dysfunction (10), the risk for infection increases 80-fold (11). Even considering these two facts, it is surprising that there are only ca. 40 primary septicemia cases reported per year (10). Usually, oysters predominately contain the E-genotype strains of V. vulnificus, which is likely a factor in the low number of infections (12-18).A study comparing the population dynamics of the V. vulnificus genotypes revealed an interesting phenomenon. While Warner and Oliver (...

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Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

Froelich

Ayrapetyan

Oliver

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…ibrio vulnificus is a halophilic bacterium capable of causing wound infections and fatal septicemia in humans (10,24,26). This organism is part of the normal flora in estuarine waters as well as in shellfish inhabiting those estuaries (26).…”

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Apparent Loss of Vibrio vulnificus from North Carolina Oysters Coincides with a Drought-Induced Increase in Salinity

Froelich

Williams

Noble

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTDespite years of successful isolation ofVibrio vulnificusfrom estuarine waters, beginning in 2007, it was extremely difficult to cultureV. vulnificusfrom either North Carolina estuarine water or oyster samples. After employing culture-based methods as well as PCR and quantitative PCR for the detection ofV. vulnificus, always with negative results, we concluded that this pathogen had become nearly undetectable in the North Carolina estuarine ecosystem. We ensured that the techniques were sound by seeding North Carolina oysters withV. vulnificusand performing the same tests as those previously conducted on unadulterated oysters.V. vulnificuswas readily detected in the seeded oysters using both classes of methods. Furthermore, oysters were obtained from the Gulf of Mexico, andV. vulnificuswas easily isolated, confirming that the methodology was sound but that the oysters and waters of North Carolina were lacking theV. vulnificuspopulation studied for decades. Strikingly, the apparent loss of detectableV. vulnificuscoincided with the most severe drought in the history of North Carolina. The drought continued until the end of 2009, with an elevated water column salinity being observed throughout this period and withV. vulnificusbeing nearly nonexistent. When salinities returned to normal after the drought abated in 2010, we were again able to routinely isolateV. vulnificusfrom the water column, although we were still unable to culture it from oysters. We suggest that the oysters were colonized with a more salt-tolerant bacterium during the drought, which displacedV. vulnificusand may be preventing recolonization.

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“…This organism was isolated from cultured shrimp and eels in Taiwan and was shown to be virulent not only for the original hosts but also for mice (Song et al 1990). The human health risks of V. vulnificus are high, as a mortality rate of about 50 O h was seen in persons who were infected by this organism through food-borne exposure (Blake et al 1979, Tacket et al 1984, Morris & Black 1985, Johnston et al 1986). Based on their prevalence, pathogenicity and broad host range, V. harveyi and V. vulnificus were selected as the target organisms for screening in this study.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enzyme immunoassay for shrimp vibriosis

Song¹,

Lee²,

Lin³

et al. 1992

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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In an effort to detect vibriosis caused by Vibrio vulnificus and V. harveyi in cultured shrimp in Taiwan, several enzyme immunoassays (EIA) were compared for sensitivity, reproducibility, time consumption, technical complexity and instrumentation requirements. For field applications, the indirect immunodot blot assay using avidin-biotin complex (ABC) proved to be the best method for detection of subclinical vibriosis. This method can detect 103 organisms per 100 p l of hepatopancreas homogenates, and color results are clear-cut and available within 5.5 h. These test kits are made specific by using monoclonal antibody reagents. Field surveys including shrimp from larval to adult stages are described in order to determine the feasibility of the ABC irnmunodot blot assay. This technology may help management to change their emphasis from disease control to health monitoring and thereby provide greater benefit to shrimp farmers.

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Gastroenteritis in patients with stool isolates of vibrio vulnificus

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

Apparent Loss of Vibrio vulnificus from North Carolina Oysters Coincides with a Drought-Induced Increase in Salinity

Enzyme immunoassay for shrimp vibriosis

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