Gastroenteritis Caused by Norovirus GGII.4, the Netherlands, 1994–2005

Siebenga, J. Joukje; Vennema, Harry; Duizer, Erwin; Koopmans, Marion

doi:10.3201/eid1301.060800

Cited by 120 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

103

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The existence of this group of individuals has been cited in the literature as proof that long-term protective immunity to norovirus infection is not possible, a hypothesis in conflict with data gathered in contemporary NV GI. 1-1968 (53) and GII.2-1976 (52) challenge and outbreak investigations (80,81). Although speculative, these studies provide one possible explanation of why some volunteers can become repeatedly infected with NV GI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, the years following the high activity were characterized by decreased numbers of outbreaks, indicating that herd immunity may be an important regulator of GII.4 noroviruses (54,80,81). Clearly, the molecular basis for differential protective immunity/susceptibility following repeat norovirus infection is complex and a major challenge for the field.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Heterotypic Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses following Norwalk Virus Infection

Lindesmith

Donaldson

León

et al. 2010

J Virol

129

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Norovirus immunity is poorly understood as the limited data available on protection after infection are often contradictory. In contrast to the more prominent GII noroviruses, GI norovirus infections are less frequent in outbreaks. The GI noroviruses display very complex patterns of heterotypic immune responses following infection, and many individuals are highly susceptible to reinfection. To study the immune responses and mechanisms of GI.1 persistence, we built structural models and recombinant virus-like particles ( Noroviruses are the second-most important cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in young children and cause approximately 20% of endemic familial diarrheal disease and traveler's diarrhea in all ages (reviewed in references 45 and 70). Noroviruses are genetically grouped into five different genogroups (GI to GV). GI and GII genogroups are responsible for the majority of human infections and are subdivided into more than 25 different genotypes (for example, GI

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterotypic Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses following Norwalk Virus Infection

Lindesmith

Donaldson

León

et al. 2010

J Virol

129

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The primary transmission route is the faecal-oral one, either via person-to-person contact or by consumption of contaminated food or water (Lopman et al 2003;Siebenga et al 2007;Kroneman et al 2008;Scallan et al 2011;Mathijs et al 2012). Noroviruses are very resistant and can persist for several days in the environment (D'Souza et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Virucidal Efficacy of Seven Disinfectants Against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus, Surrogates of Human Norovirus

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Human NoVs have been classified into three separate genetic groups (GGI, GGII, and GGIV), and in at least 30 genotypes by analysis of the capsid gene (ORF2) [Green, 2007]. GGII NoVs account for at least 90% of the NoV isolates, with GII.4 strains being responsible for the majority of episodes of diarrhea [Bull et al, 2006;Ramirez et al, 2006;Siebenga et al, 2007a]. The high incidence of NoV infections seems to be related to the sequential appearance and rapid spread of new variants and/or of recombinant NoV strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging GII.4 norovirus variants affect children with diarrhea in Palermo, Italy in 2006

Ramirez

Giammanco

Grazia

et al. 2008

Journal of Medical Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Although the genetic/antigenic heterogeneity of human noroviruses (NoVs) is impressive, a few genogroup II strains of genotype 4 (GII.4) are dominant worldwide. GII.4 NoVs evolve rapidly and in the last 15 years six epidemic variants have been identified. In 2005–2006, surveillance of sporadic viral gastroenteritis in children in Palermo, Italy, resulted in the detection of NoV\ud strains in 20.9% of the patients admitted to\ud hospital. By restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequence analysis of\ud region A in the RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase\ud (RdRp) gene, 59 NoV strains were successfully\ud characterized. Eighty-one percent of the strains were characterized as GII.4, 14% as GIIb/Hilversum and 5% as GI.1. Phylogenetic analysis of region A and of the ORF1/ORF2 overlapping region of the GII.4 strains recovered in Palermo in the years 2002–2006 revealed the sequential emergence of four variants, GII.4 2002, 2004, 2006a, and 2006b. The variant GII.4 2006a was detected in June and July, 2006, while the variant\ud 2006b first appeared in August, 2006, becoming predominant thereafter. Based on these findings, the dynamics of replacement and circulation of the GII.4 NoV variants in Italy in 2005–2006 appear to have matched the temporal pattern observed in Europe during the same period

show abstract

Gastroenteritis Caused by Norovirus GGII.4, the Netherlands, 1994–2005

Cited by 120 publications

References 10 publications

Heterotypic Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses following Norwalk Virus Infection

Heterotypic Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses following Norwalk Virus Infection

Comparative Virucidal Efficacy of Seven Disinfectants Against Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus, Surrogates of Human Norovirus

Emerging GII.4 norovirus variants affect children with diarrhea in Palermo, Italy in 2006

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About