Gastritis, Enteritis, and Colitis in Horses

Uzal, Francisco A.; Diab, Santiago S.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2015.04.006

Cited by 32 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…by PCR. The pathologic findings herein described can be attributed to EN but must be differentiated from the gross lesions observed in equine salmonellosis [14,29] and Clostridium diffi cile associated disease (CDAD) of horses [5,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biochemical assays revealed an increase in fibrinogen concentration (600 mg/dL, reference range: <400) without any alteration to the total plasma protein concentration. Hemogasometry revealed metabolic acidosis (BE (ecf) = -2.9 mEq/L, reference range: 0-6) (cHCO 3 = 22.7 mEq/L, reference range: [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. No alteration was identified in the analysis of the peritoneal fluid.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

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Putative Equine Neorickettsiosis in a Mare from Southern Brazil

Marutani

Headley

Bracarense

2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: This report describes the occurrence of equine neorickettsiosis (EN) in the northern region of Paraná, southern Brazil. EN is a non-contagious infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Neorickettsia risticii. Equine neorickettsiosis was previously known as Potomac horse fever and monocytic ehrlichiosis. The disease occurs predominantly in the USA and Canada; data relative to EN in Brazil is scarce. The aim of this study was to report the first case of putative EN in the state of Paraná due to a combination of IHC and molecular testing. Case: A 2-year-old Quarter Horse was referred to a Veterinary Hospital with episodes of abdominal discomfort, fever, anorexia, tachycardia, and tachypnea. The animal reportedly demonstrated episodes of blackened and fetid diarrhea after the ingestion of hay. A treatment was established upon arrival at the veterinary hospital, but the mare died after 12 hours of monitoring. An autopsy examination performed soon after death revealed severe hyperemia of the mucosa of the cecum and colon, with multifocal cecal erosions and ulcerations. The principal histological lesion observed was necrotizing enterocolitis. Additional significant histopathologic lesions included widespread lymphoid depletion affecting the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes. An IHC assay designed to identify the antigens of N. helminthoeca (NH) in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues, identified antigens of intralesional neorickettsial organisms within macrophages of the mucosa of the colon. Additionally, a PCR assay designed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of Neorickettsia, amplified the desired amplicon, but sequencing was frustrating. Discussion: A putative diagnosis of equine neorickettsiosis was established due to the combination of epidemiological evidence, pathologic findings, immunohistochemical identification of intralesional antigens of neorickettsial agents, and amplification of the 16S gene of Neorickettsia spp. by PCR. The gross and microscopic lesions described must be differentiated from lesions observed in equine salmonellosis and Clostridium difficile associated disease of horses. IHC was performed on FFPE intestinal tissue using an anti-NH hyperimmune serum as primary antibody due to high antigenic cross-reactivity between Neorickettsia spp. There was positive intracytoplasmic immunolabeling of macrophages in the mucosa of the large colon indicating the presence of neorickettsial antigens. The PCR amplified the desired amplicon from the colon fragment, but sequencing was frustrating due to poor quality product that resulted in an organism consistent with Methylobacterium spp., probably, a contaminant. EN show a seasonal and endemic tendency in USA, Uruguay and in southern Brazil, occurring in warmer months, as in the case reported. Evidence suggests that an ancient disease named "churrido" known for at least 100 years in southern Brazil and Uruguay is, in fact, equine neorickettsiosis and might have been introduced to North America from South America. Considering the ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Putative Equine Neorickettsiosis in a Mare from Southern Brazil

Marutani

Headley

Bracarense

2019

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…However, clinical findings are nonspecific, and low leukocyte counts may also result from primary intestinal lesions and surgical manipulation, compromising diagnosis. According to Uzal & Diab (2015), owing to the large range of aetiologies involving different pathogens, the causes of a significant number of severe inflammatory intestinal lesions remain undetermined. Despite the indeterminate diagnosis, FMT has proven to be a simple nonspecific treatment for acute colitis associated with supportive care, yielding a rapid cure rate of 100% of the reported cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Information on history, clinical signs, laboratory exams and ultrasound examination could be enlightening, although in some cases definite diagnosis is confirmed only upon laparotomy or necropsy (DuToit et al 2010). Several methods are currently available to identify the aetiologic agent, but ELISA tests are the most commonly used (Uzal & Diab 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for treating acute colitis in horses undergoing colic surgery

et al. 2018

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The report describes the outcome of four horses treated with homologous faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for acute colitis. The horses developed diarrhoea and fever a few days after a laparotomy to treat gastrointestinal disease. Medical records were reviewed to identify the horses as well as to describe the primary intestinal disease, clinical findings, surgical intervention, FMT protocol, outcome and follow-up of each case. The principle of the efficacy of FMT is that restoration of a balanced nonpathogenic bacterial population may be the primary defence mechanism against colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract. The FMT did not produce adverse reactions and was demonstrated to rapidly control diarrhoea and fever in all cases. A complete resolution of clinical sings was observed within 24 hours when horses were given a single FMT. Further clinical studies are necessary to determine the optimal preparation and to reinforce the efficacy of FMT for treating acute colitis following colic surgery. The technique has the potential to be an inexpensive, safe and highly efficient tool for the prevention and treatment of infectious gastrointestinal diseases in horses, preventing antimicrobial resistance.

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“…Infectious enteritis caused by specific bacteria such as Neoricketsia risticii, Rhodococcus equi, Lawsonia intracellularis, Clostridium difficile, or Clostridium perfringens are additional indications for early initiation of antimicrobial therapy. 27 However, there are other causes of enteritis such as equine coronavirus, salmonellosis, and other undiagnosed causes that are less likely to benefit from antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobial therapy itself can cause GI disease through changes in the GI microbiome.…”

Section: Section 3: Antimicrobial Use In the Field For Horses And Foamentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Fluid Therapy and Treatment Modalities for Field Conditions for Horses and Foals with Gastrointestinal Problems

Fielding¹

2018

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice

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With advances in technology and owner education, field management in equine veterinary medicine continues to evolve. Equine gastrointestinal disease is one of the most common types of emergencies evaluated by equine practitioners, and many of these patients can be effectively managed in the field. Although the equine veterinarian must make numerous decisions, fluid therapy, pain management, and antimicrobial use are 3 of the major choices that must be addressed when initiating field treatment of equine gastrointestinal disease. This article addresses the practical use of these 3 treatment categories that are essential to field practice.

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Gastritis, Enteritis, and Colitis in Horses

Cited by 32 publications

References 65 publications

Putative Equine Neorickettsiosis in a Mare from Southern Brazil

Putative Equine Neorickettsiosis in a Mare from Southern Brazil

Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for treating acute colitis in horses undergoing colic surgery

Practical Fluid Therapy and Treatment Modalities for Field Conditions for Horses and Foals with Gastrointestinal Problems

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