Gastric Motor Effects of Acute Removal of Cingulate Gyrus and Section of Brain Stem

Babkin, B. P.; Kite, William C.

doi:10.1152/jn.1950.13.5.335

Cited by 13 publications

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“…At the invitation of the world-renowned neurosurgeon, Dr Wilder Penfield, he worked as 'Fellow of the University' and Research Fellow at the McGill Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery. At that time, I did not realize that it was during this period that he did one of his most pioneering works -localizing gastrointestinal (GI) function in the brain (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). As a young, immigrant physician, I had little knowledge of the grandeur and loneliness of this recently found friend who treated my wife and me with warmth, and showed deep understanding of the difficulties that a recent immigrant physician may have encountered.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Dr Babkin's work demonstrates a complete circle of understanding of the effect of the nervous system on the gut. In his youth, he studied the effect of nerves on the GI tract (17) and during his last years of investigation, he focused on the cerebral localization of GI function (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Dr Babkin's work remains the basis of the recently rediscovered brain-gut-brain interaction.…”

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The Life, Achievements and Legacy of a Great Canadian Investigator: Professor Boris Petrovich Babkin (1877–1950)

Beck

2006

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology

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The present paper reviews the life and achievements of Professor Boris Petrovich Babkin (MD DSc LLD). History is only worth writing about if it teaches us about the future; therefore, this historical review concludes by describing what today's and future gastrointestinal physiologists could learn from Dr Babkin's life. Dr Babkin was born in Russia in 1877. He graduated with an MD degree from the Military Medical Academy in St Petersburg, Russia, in 1904. Not being attracted to clinical practice, and after some hesitation concerning whether he would continue in history or basic science of medicine, he entered the laboratory of Professor Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Although he maintained an interest in history, in Pavlov's exciting environment he became fully committed to physiology of the gastrointestinal system. He advanced quickly in Russia and was Professor of Physiology at the University of Odessa. In 1922, he was critical of the Bolshevik revolution, and after a short imprisonment, he was ordered to leave Russia. He was invited with his family by Professor EH Starling (the discoverer of secretin) to his department at University College, London, England. Two years later, he was offered a professorship in Canada at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. After contributing there for four years, he joined McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, in 1928 as Research Professor. He remained there for the rest of his career. Between 1940 and 1941, he chaired the Department, and following retirement, he remained as Research Professor. At the invitation of the world-famous neurosurgeon, Wilder Penfield, Dr Babkin continued as Research Fellow in the Department of Neurosurgery until his death in 1950 at age 73. His major achievements were related to establishing the concept of brain-gut-brain interaction and the influence of this on motility, as well as on interface of multiple different cells, nerves and hormones on secretory function. He had a major role in the rediscovery of gastrin. He established a famous school of gastrointestinal physiologists at McGill University. He supported his trainees and helped them establish their careers. He received many honors: a DSc in London, England, and an LLD from Dalhousie University. Most importantly, he was the recipient of the Friedenwald Medal of the American Gastroenterological Association for lifelong contributions to the field. Dr Babkin taught us his philosophical aspect of approaching physiology, his devotion to his disciples and his overall kindness. Most importantly, he has proven that one can achieve international recognition by publishing mainly in Canadian journals. He is an example to follow.

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The Life, Achievements and Legacy of a Great Canadian Investigator: Professor Boris Petrovich Babkin (1877–1950)

Beck

2006

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology

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Experimental Observations on "Psychosomatic" Mechanisms

French¹,

Porter²,

Cavanaugh³

et al. 1954

AMA Arch NeurPsych

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VISCERAL and somatic abnormalities suspected of resulting from disordered function of the normal brain have long been known as "psychosomatic" diseases or, perhaps, diseases of "stress." Opinion exists, indeed, that a great many diseases result from, or are strongly influenced by, psychological reactions unsuitable to normal existence. Even expressions of a more conservative attitude concede, with some consistency, a connection between cerebral function and certain visceral ailments, prominent among which are peptic ulcer, hypertension, and ulcerative colitis. Speculation concerning possible relationship between cause and effect in such instances has resulted principally from clinical analysis of these disorders, particularly from the results of therapeutic attack on the autonomic nervous system in patients suffering from them.For obvious reasons, examination of "psychosomatic" disorders in experimental animals is extremely difficult. Intercommunication between examiner and subject is impossible and extrapolation of observation to man hazardous. Moreover, disorders of the nature of those used as examples do not exist natively in animals, and attempts to produce them are unsuccessful in the main, short of introducing such alteration in physiological function as to make interpretation questionable.It is clearly evident experimentally that the central nervous system is capable of exerting both normal and deleterious influences on visceral structures. In this regard, it is possible to excite the stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid by stimulation in either the anterior or the posterior hypothalamus.* Moreover, acute hemorrhagic or ulcerative lesions can be produced in the gastrointestinal tract of monkeys and cats by electrolytic lesions appropriately placed in the same regions. As the hypo¬ thalamus is known, therefore, not only to be involved intimately with visceral func¬ tions but also to have rich connections with the rest of the brain, it can be reasoned

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Ulceration and Malacia of the Upper Alimentary Tract in Neurologic Disorders

Watson¹,

Netsky²

1954

Arch NeurPsych

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CUSHING 1 in 1931 offered convincing evidence for the revival of once-discarded theories of the neurogenic origin of peptic ulcer. He directed attention to the "interbrain" (diencephalon) as a parasympathetic center. "From this center, apparently tuberal in situation, fibre tracts pass backward to relay with the cranialautonomic stations of the midbrain and medulla, of which the vagal nucleus is by far the most important because of its influence upon the lungs, heart and upper alimentary canal." Concern over the death, with acute gastrointestinal symptoms, of three patients who had undergone craniotomy for tumor in the posterior cranial fossa caused him to seek an explanation for the postmortem findings common to all, hemorrhagic necrosis with perforation of the esophagus or stomach. More cases with a similar outcome were analyzed. Experimental and pharmacologic evidence was introduced to document findings of medullary or third ventricular compression, intraventricular tumor, cerebral edema, or less well-defined conditions. These phenomena were observed in a total of 11 cases which Cushing used to support a thesis that a "parasympathetic center" lay in the diencephalon. It was admitted that a differentiation could not be made between parasympathetic (diencephalic-vagal) overactivity with inactivity of the normal sympathetic impulses, and the reverse. It was also presumed that gastrointestinal vasoconstriction, a sympathetic response, was present to facilitate ulcération.Since the reawakening of interest in the problem, many studies have appeared to support the concept of "Cushing's ulcer," a now well-known postoperative compli¬ cation. Opinions have varied widely about the nature and location of the diencephalic mechanism. Little attention has been given to the occurrence of upper alimentary tract disorders in chronic neurologic disorders not eventuated by intracranial surgery.It is the purpose of this work to present six such cases and to compare them with others gathered from the literature.* This study affords reaffirmation of the clinical significance of the association between the central nervous system and the alimentary tract. Furthermore, a rationale is offered for a modification of the Cushing concept, superimposing upon the diencephalon a "higher" cortical control for which there is

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Gastric Motor Effects of Acute Removal of Cingulate Gyrus and Section of Brain Stem

Cited by 13 publications

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The Life, Achievements and Legacy of a Great Canadian Investigator: Professor Boris Petrovich Babkin (1877–1950)

The Life, Achievements and Legacy of a Great Canadian Investigator: Professor Boris Petrovich Babkin (1877–1950)

Experimental Observations on "Psychosomatic" Mechanisms

Ulceration and Malacia of the Upper Alimentary Tract in Neurologic Disorders

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