Gastric emptying rate, glycemic and appetite response to a liquid meal in lean and overweight males

Abstract

The effect of body weight status on appetite, glycemic response and gastric emptying rate was investigated using a liquid meal. Lean and overweight males rated their subjective appetite with blood samples collected for measurement of glucose, biomarkers of appetite and gastric emptying rate for 3 h following consumption of the isocaloric test meal. Overweight participants had a higher rating on postprandial hunger (p < 0.001), preoccupation with food (p < 0.001) and desire to eat (p < 0.001), with fullness being lower (p = 0.001). Postprandial plasma concentration of cholecystokinin-33 was lower (p = 0.007) and total ghrelin was higher (p = 0.012) in overweight participants. A delayed gastric emptying rate was observed in lean participants. There was no difference in postprandial glycemic response (p = 0.189). These results suggest the postprandial appetite pattern was different between lean and overweight males when consuming an isocaloric meal. This may have implications for overweight individuals who attempt to lose weight through restricting food intake.

How Satiating Are the ‘Satiety’ Peptides: A Problem of Pharmacology versus Physiology in the Development of Novel Foods for Regulation of Food Intake

“…The potential role of phenotypic or individual variability on GI peptides profile and satiety responses has been presented in previous reviews [14,82,92]. Hence, finally, since our current review targeted only a healthy, lean adult population, our findings are not applicable to obese populations which may have a unique GI peptides profile, although notable this is not without conflicting results [53]. Clamp and colleagues [57] recently demonstrated that obese individuals who habitually consume a high-fat diet had a lower postprandial PYY response than lean individuals, yet similar ad libitum energy intake between the two groups.…”

A brief review of salient factors influencing adult eating behaviour

“…Satiation is the ‘process that leads to the termination of eating; therefore controls meal size’, while satiety is the ‘process that leads to inhibition of further eating, decline in hunger, increase in fullness after a meal has finished’. It should be noted that for logistical reasons most studies of satiety do not generally measure the length of the inter-meal interval but measure appetite sensations or biomarkers of appetite over a fixed period (typically 3–4 h) (for example, Zhu et al ( 38 , 39 ) and Emilien et al ( 40 ) ). After this period, food intake at a test meal is measured and used as a marker of satiety ( 37 ) .…”

Human digestion – a processing perspective

“…Typically, release of gastric contents occurs over a period from some minutes after consumption until up to 6 h or more, but with the main peak of release of stomach contents after 1.5–2 h . Rates of gastric emptying have been reported to be faster in overweight individuals . A recent meta study of 20 published trials identified that exercise intensity, mode, duration and the nature of meal/fluid ingested all influence variation in gastric emptying results during and after acute exercise .…”