Gastric Digestion of Soybean Flour

Abomasal secretion and emptying in suckled calves

“…When the young calf swallows milk nearly all of it bypasses the reticulo-rumen and flows rapidly through the omasum and into the abomasum as a result of reflex closure of the oesophageal groove.From the point of view of digestive functions the suckled calf is regarded as a monogastric animal but there does not appear to have been a systematic investigation ofthe events occurring in the abomasum following a milk feed. A few studies have been made on the secretory responses of abomasal pouches in suckled calves but there is no general agreement concerning the chief factors influencing secretion Shoptaw, Espe & Cannon, 1937; Grosskopf, 1959). A possible explanation for this is that the age of the calves used by the different workers ranged from a few weeks to several months and the type of preparation, the stimuli, and the experimental conditions also differed.The experiments reported in this paper were an attempt to define some ofthe major stimuli influencing abomasal secretion in calves and to provide an account of the sequence of events occurring in the abomasum following the ingestion of milk.…”

“…From the point of view of digestive functions the suckled calf is regarded as a monogastric animal but there does not appear to have been a systematic investigation ofthe events occurring in the abomasum following a milk feed. A few studies have been made on the secretory responses of abomasal pouches in suckled calves but there is no general agreement concerning the chief factors influencing secretion Shoptaw, Espe & Cannon, 1937; Grosskopf, 1959). A possible explanation for this is that the age of the calves used by the different workers ranged from a few weeks to several months and the type of preparation, the stimuli, and the experimental conditions also differed.…”

Sulfur and Methionine Metabolism in Sheep. II. Quantitative Estimates of Sulfur Metabolism in the Sheep's Stomach

“…Pure gastric juice has been obtained from the goat (Bickel 1905;Grosser 1905) and calf (Belgowski 1912;Shoptow et al 1937;Espe and Cannon 1937) and has been found to be similar in composition and action to that of simple-stomached animals (see Dukes 1955). Both pepsinogen and pepsin contain 11 sulfur atoms (Bovey and Yanari 1960).…”

The effects of feeding fermented soybean meal in calf starter on growth and performance of dairy calves

“…Digestive disturbances in calves fed alternative proteins are often due to the inability of the calf to secrete the appropriate enzymes for the digestion of non-milk nutrients (Noller, et al, 1956b;Hinks et al, 1975;Jenkins, 1981;Caugant et al, 1992). Disturbances that occur as a result include inhibition or acceleration of abomasal emptying, impaired curd formation in the abomasum, altered rate of digesta flow through the small intestine, altered gastrointestinal tract morphology, abnormal salt and water exchange, decreased nitrogen absorption, and the creation of antinutritional factors (Shoptaw et al, 1937;Smith and Sissons, 1975;Colvin et al, 1969;Williams et al, 1976). Other factors that influence calf performance on alternative protein based milk replacers and starters are the proportion of the milk protein replaced with the alternative protein and the age of the calf (Akinyele and Harshbarger, 1983;Caugant et al, 1993;Ramsey and Willard, 1975a;Noller et al, 1956b;Huber and Campos, 1982;Campos and Huber, 1982b); younger calves and those fed a higher proportion of alternative protein sources are more likely to respond poorly.…”

“…This has been reported in chicks (Bielorai et al, 1972), calves (Akinyele and Harshbarger, 1983;Sleiman and Huber, 1971;Campos and Huber, 1982b), rats (Stein et al, 1954), and piglets (Barratt et al, 1978). Decreased nutrient digestibility and/or absorbability and abnormal digestion flow leads to poor calf growth and diarrhea (Barr, 1981;Gorrill and Thomas, 1967;Seegraber and Morrill, 1985;Stein et al, 1954;Colvin and Ramsey, 1968;Shoptaw et al, 1937;Sissons, 1982;Smith and Sissons, 1975) and increased rates of mortality (Campos and Huber, 1982a;Huber and Slade, 1967).…”