Gastric aspiration: routine use for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis patients unable to expectorate sputum

Kim, Sang‐Jae; Rieder, Hans L.

doi:10.5588/pha.17.0042

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Having higher armed conflict and total PHE counts were associated with not attaining the target for ≥90% national DTP3 coverage. These findings are comparable to those from studies conducted in similar contexts where armed conflicts were reported to be associated with poor immunization coverage outcomes ( 6 , 11 , 27 ). Conversely, while the Democratic Republic of Congo had the highest PHE count, its national DTP3 coverage was not the poorest.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Regardless of the immunization maturity level, the overall performance of NIPs in the PHE endemic countries was variable but predominantly suboptimal. The fluctuating and the low national DTP3 coverage rates below the WHO Africa region DTP3 coverage stagnation point are synonymous with DTP3 coverage reports in other NIPs in the region during PHEs ( 11 , 21 ). As outlined by Grundy et al in their study, other WHO Africa region countries like Nigeria and Somalia that have experienced constant civil unrest and were yet to benefit from the APHEF were reported to similarly have sub-optimal DTP3 coverage rates ( 6 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The disruption to national immunization programs (NIPs) experienced in countries with PHEs has been associated with suboptimal immunization coverage rates ( 6 , 11 , 12 ). The plummeting coverage witnessed during PHEs is facilitated by reduced access to immunization services, destroyed and disrupted vaccine logistic systems, depleted and diverted financial and human resources for immunization, and reduced trust toward immunization ( 6 , 11 , 12 ). Many of these factors have eminently featured during the COVID-19 pandemic ( 13 – 15 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In as much PHEs have been recognized to have repercussions on NIPs, inadequate focus has been given on synthesizing evidence in PHE-affected settings in the WHO Africa region. Few studies have attempted to describe immunization in countries affected by PHEs, however, a majority are restricted to single types of PHEs, especially armed conflict and single immunization indicators ( 6 , 11 , 27 ). To the best of our knowledge, this will be the first study that aims to characterize NIPs in the WHO Africa region experiencing PHEs, using three different types of PHEs (i.e., armed conflicts, disease outbreaks, and disasters) and the DoV immunization targets to account for the performance of NIPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Characterization of National Immunization Programs in the Context of Public Health Emergencies: A Case Study of 13 Countries in the WHO Africa Region

Chepkurui

Amponsah-Dacosta

Haddison³

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multiple public health emergencies (PHEs) experienced annually in the World Health Organisation (WHO) Africa region affect the provision of health services, including immunization. However, there is limited information on the performance of national immunization programs (NIPs) in WHO Africa countries that experience PHEs. This study assessed PHEs (armed conflicts, disasters, and disease outbreaks) and the performance of NIPs using global and regional immunization targets outlined for the Decade of Vaccines. Thirteen beneficiary countries of PHE mitigation funds from the African Public Health Emergency Fund were used as case studies. Data on PHEs and immunization indicators between 2010 and 2019 in selected countries were extracted from different PHE databases and the WHO/UNICEF immunization database, respectively. The data were stratified by country and summarized using descriptive statistics. Mann-Whitney U test was done to determine the association between the frequency of PHEs and the performance of NIPs. There were 175 disease outbreaks, 288 armed conflicts, and 318 disasters in the examined countries between 2010 and 2019. The Democratic Republic of Congo had the highest total PHE count (n = 208), while Liberia had the lowest (n = 20). Only three of the 13 countries had a median coverage value for the third dose of the combined Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis vaccine (DTP3) that had attained the target for ≥90% immunization coverage. Higher counts of armed conflict and total PHEs were associated with not meeting immunization targets for national DTP3 coverage of ≥90% and Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus elimination, p < 0.01. It was clear that in the WHO Africa region, PHEs are prevalent, irrespective of a country’s level of immunization maturity, and have the potential to derail the progress of NIPs in the absence of effective interventions. As we transition toward the Immunization Agenda 2030, we recommend that the WHO Africa region prioritizes interventions to mitigate the impacts of PHEs on NIPs.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%