Gasoline Type and Engine Effects on Equilibrium Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD)

Kelemen, S.R.; Siskin, Michael; Avery, Noyes L.; Rose, Kenneth D.; Solum, Mark S.; Pugmire, Ronald J.

doi:10.4271/2001-01-3583

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…29,30,41 Wet chemical methods are another established way to get information about organic oxygen functionalities. 27,42,43 Solid-state (SS) 13 C NMR analysis [31][32][33][34][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] and XPS 40,[50][51][52][53]55,56 have been used to gain quantitative information about the kinds of organic oxygen species in coals and other carbon- aceous materials. The carbon signal from 13 C NMR and carbon (1s) XPS are sensitive to chemical shifts caused by bonding to oxygen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State ¹³C NMR Methods

et al. 2002

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A combination of XPS and solid-state 13C NMR techniques have been used to characterize organic oxygen species and carbon chemical/structural features in peats, pyrolyzed peats, lignites, and other coals. Both the 13C NMR and XPS results show the same ordering for the amount of aromatic carbon, higher ranking coals > lignites > peats. In general the value for H/C decreases as the percent of aromatic carbon increases. For pyrolyzed peats, the H/C level is higher than lignites and other coals of comparable levels of aromatic carbon. This is likely due to significant differences in the carbon structural framework of these materials. A van Krevelen plot, based on elemental H/C data and XPS derived O/C data, shows the well-established pattern for peats, lignites, and other coals. In general, O/C decreases as the percent of aromatic carbon increases, with the expected magnitude ordering, peats > lignites > higher ranking coals. Most of the H/C values of pyrolyzed peats are higher than coals at comparable O/C. A range of O/C levels (0.23−0.13) were produced from pyrolysis of peats; however, these data, when plotted versus the percent aromatic carbon, fall below the values for lignites and other coals. These results indicate that simple pyrolysis does not appear to fully capture the chemical transformations encountered during the natural formation of coals. Both XPS and 13C NMR results are sensitive to the basic difference in the kinds of organic oxygen species found in peats and coals. The advantages of using a combination of XPS and 13C NMR along with the pitfalls of using a single technique for organic oxygen speciation are discussed. For peats, pyrolyzed peats, lignites, and other coals, XPS results for the total amount of organic oxygen fall between upper and lower limit estimates based on 13C NMR derived parameters associated with different oxygen species. For lignites and other coals, there is a sharp drop in the number of carbonyl and carboxyl groups near 60% aromatic carbon. The amount of carbon− oxygen single-bonded species reflected in the NMR parameters falO and faOCH3 and the XPS parameter C−O oxygen, decrease as the percent aromatic carbon increases. The highest levels of phenolic and phenoxy oxygen are found near 60% aromatic carbon. NMR results show that the amount of phenolic and phenoxy carbon (faP) and aliphatic carbon−oxygen single-bonded species (falO) are very similar for pyrolyzed peats, lignites, and other coals at comparable levels of aromatic carbon. These results indicate that thermal decarboxylation/decarbonylation and demethoxylation pathways exist for peat and suggest that similar pathways occur during natural coalification processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State ¹³C NMR Methods

et al. 2002

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“…52 In addition, there has been more research carried out by other authors in this regard. [53][54][55] Influence of lubricating oil.…”

Section: Gasoline Engine Deposit Formationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Kelemen et al investigated the influence of different types of gasoline on the equilibrium of ultimate engine deposits, which is quite meaningful in the researches of deposits in engines under real working conditions. 52 In addition, there has been more research carried out by other authors in this regard. 53–55…”

Section: Deposit Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different injection systems lead to different deposit formation mechanisms. However, factors, such as fuel types, lubricating oil types and additives, influence deposit formation in port fuel injection (PFI) 51,52 and DI gasoline engines 21,58 in the same way. Few studies have been made for different injection systems influenced by the same fuel, lubricating oil or additives, which will lead to a better understanding of deposit formation and methods for reducing deposit formation for different engine types.…”

Section: Deposit Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of experimental studies on deposits in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines

Shu

Dong

Liang

2012

International Journal of Engine Research

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This article reviews experimental studies on deposits in engine combustion chambers, with emphasis on deposit composition, damage to engines, formation mechanisms and study methods. The existence of combustion chamber deposits will definitely influence performance and emissions of engines, and is inevitable with the use of petroleum fuel and lubricating oil. These all make it necessary to study the formation, composition, structure and influential factors of deposits, which will provide the basis for reducing deposits in engines. Influential factors and methods of reducing deposit formation are also included. First, the deposit damage to engines is briefly introduced, with a focus mainly on the decline in engine performance and the deterioration of emissions, and the reasons for these phenomena are explained. Next, conclusions on deposit research approaches to their chemical composition and physical structure are drawn. Finally, with regards to deposit formation in gasoline and diesel engines, deposit composition and factors influencing deposit formation, such as engine type, fuel type, oil type, additives, exhaust gas recirculation, etc., are enumerated through experimental studies on engines. Studies on deposit formation with some newly developed types of fuel are also included. The mechanism of deposit formation under these different conditions is explained, and the methods for reducing deposit formation are summarized.

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“…Previous SI experiments have shown that fuel composition plays an integral role in the growth of combustion chamber deposit (CCD) and the equilibrium quantity of deposition that will accumulate in an engine. 5–16 Gasoline blends that possess more complex molecules with higher boiling points, such as aromatics, have a tendency to promote in-cylinder CCD build-up. 9 These experiments also show that CCDs will not accumulate indefinitely, but rather, will reach an equilibrium “fully conditioned” state at which the surface temperature of the layer (which increases as the layer accumulates) becomes sufficiently high to prevent any further deposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of fuel composition and additive packages on deposit properties and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion

Lacey

Kameshwaran

Filipi

et al. 2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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Homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion is highly dependent on in-cylinder thermal conditions that are favorable to auto-ignition, and the presence of deposits can dramatically impact the in-cylinder environment. Because fuels available at the pump can differ considerably in composition, and fuel composition and the included additive package directly affect how deposits accumulate in a homogeneous charge compression ignition engine, strategies intended to bring homogeneous charge compression ignition to market must account for this fuel and additive variability. In order to investigate this impact, two oxygenated refinery stream test fuels with two different additives were run in a single cylinder homogeneous charge compression ignition engine. The two fuels had varying chemical composition; one represents a “dirty” fuel with high aromatic content that was intended to simulate a worst-case scenario for deposit growth, while the other represents a California Reformulated Gasoline Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending fuel, which is the primary constituent of pump gasoline at fueling stations across the state of California. The additive packages are typical of technologies that are commercially available to treat engine deposits. Both fuels were run in an experimental, single-cylinder homogeneous charge compression ignition engine in a passive conditioning study, during which the engine was run at steady state over a period of time in order to track changes in the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion event as deposits accumulated in-cylinder. Both the composition and the additive influenced the structure of the combustion chamber deposit layer, but more importantly, both the rate at which the layer developed and the equilibrium thickness it achieved. The overall thickness of the combustion chamber deposit layer was found to have a significant impact on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion phasing.

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Gasoline Type and Engine Effects on Equilibrium Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD)

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State ¹³C NMR Methods

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State ¹³C NMR Methods

A review of experimental studies on deposits in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines

The effect of fuel composition and additive packages on deposit properties and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion

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Gasoline Type and Engine Effects on Equilibrium Combustion Chamber Deposits (CCD)

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State 13C NMR Methods

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State 13C NMR Methods

A review of experimental studies on deposits in the combustion chambers of internal combustion engines

The effect of fuel composition and additive packages on deposit properties and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State ¹³C NMR Methods

Characterization of Organically Bound Oxygen Forms in Lignites, Peats, and Pyrolyzed Peats by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Solid-State ¹³C NMR Methods